{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:29:23Z","timestamp":1787318963966,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIAM J. Imaging Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyze the illumination invariance of the level lines of an image. We show that if the scene surface has Lambertian reflectance and the light is directed, then a necessary and sufficient condition for the level lines to be illumination invariant is that the three-dimensional scene be developable and that its albedo satisfy some geometrical constraints. We then show that the level lines are \u201calmost\u201d invariant for piecewise developable surfaces. Such surfaces fit most of the urban structures. This allows us to devise a fast and simple algorithm that detects changes between pairs of remotely sensed images of urban areas, independently of the lighting conditions. We show the effectiveness of the algorithm both on synthetic OpenGL scenes and real QuickBird images. The synthetic results illustrate the theory developed in this paper. The two real QuickBird images show that the proposed change detection algorithm is discriminant. For easy scenes it achieves a rate of 85% detected changes for 10% false positives, while it reaches a rate of 75% detected changes for 25% false positives on demanding scenes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1137\/09077744x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,31]],"date-time":"2011-03-31T21:26:54Z","timestamp":1301606814000},"page":"448-471","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["On the Illumination Invariance of the Level Lines under Directed Light: Application to Change Detection"],"prefix":"10.1137","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Pierre","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Blanc-F\u00e9raud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Aubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"351","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"C. 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