{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:31:31Z","timestamp":1787229091927,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Waking and sleep states are regulated by the coordinated activity of a number of neuronal populations in the brainstem and hypothalamus whose synaptic interactions compose a sleep-wake regulatory network. Physiologically based mathematical models of the sleep-wake regulatory network contain mechanisms operating on multiple time scales including relatively fast synaptic-based interactions between neuronal populations, and much slower homeostatic and circadian processes that modulate sleep-wake temporal patterning. In this study, we exploit the naturally arising slow time scale of the homeostatic sleep drive in a reduced sleep-wake regulatory network model to utilize fast-slow analysis to investigate the dynamics of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep regulation. The network model consists of a reduced number of wake-, non-REM (NREM) sleep-, and REM sleep-promoting neuronal populations with synaptic interactions reflecting the mutually inhibitory flip-flop conceptual model for sleep-wake regulation and the reciprocal interaction model for REM sleep regulation. Network dynamics regularly alternate between wake and sleep states as governed by the slow homeostatic sleep drive. By varying a parameter associated with the activation of the REM-promoting population, we cause REM dynamics during sleep episodes to vary from suppression to single activations to regular REM-NREM cycling, corresponding to changes in REM patterning induced by circadian modulation and observed in different mammalian species. We also utilize fast-slow analysis to explain complex effects on sleep-wake patterning of simulated experiments in which agonists and antagonists of different neurotransmitters are microinjected into specific neuronal populations participating in the sleep-wake regulatory network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1137\/110832823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]],"date-time":"2012-01-31T18:46:15Z","timestamp":1328035575000},"page":"212-242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Fast-Slow Analysis of the Dynamics of REM Sleep"],"prefix":"10.1137","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Cecilia G. Diniz","family":"Behn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"351","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/89522"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"H. A. Baghdoyan and R. Lydic,\n                      Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators regulating sleep\n                      , in Sleep and Epilepsy: The Clinical Spectrum, C. Bazil, B. Malow, and M. Sammaritano, eds., Elsevier Science, New York, 2002, pp. 17\u201344."},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8240(05)81776-8"},{"key":"R4","first-page":"195","volume":"1","author":"Borbely A. A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum. 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