{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:37:50Z","timestamp":1790257070882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM)","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"FP7\/ICT","award":["318723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318723"]}]},{"name":"Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FL120100125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL120100125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP140100559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP140100559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIAM J. Discrete Math."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The asynchronous push&amp;pull protocol, a randomized distributed algorithm for spreading a rumor in a graph $G$, is defined as follows. Independent exponential clocks of rate 1 are associated with the vertices of $G$, one to each vertex. Initially, one vertex of $G$ knows the rumor. Whenever the clock of a vertex $x$ rings, it calls a random neighbor $y$: if $x$ knows the rumor and $y$ does not, then $x$ tells $y$ the rumor (a push operation), and if $x$ does not know the rumor and $y$ knows it, $y$ tells $x$ the rumor (a pull operation). The average spread time of $G$ is the expected time it takes for all vertices to know the rumor, and the guaranteed spread time of $G$ is the smallest time $t$ such that with probability at least $1 - 1\/n$, after time $t$ all vertices know the rumor. The synchronous variant of this protocol, in which each clock rings precisely at times $1,2,\\dots$, has been studied extensively. We prove the following results for any $n$-vertex graph: In either version, the average spread time is at most linear even if only the pull operation is used, and the guaranteed spread time is within a logarithmic factor of the average spread time, so it is $O(n \\log n)$. In the asynchronous version, both the average and guaranteed spread times are $\\Omega(\\log n)$. We give examples of graphs illustrating that these bounds are best possible up to constant factors. We also prove the first analytical relationships between the guaranteed spread times in the two versions. First, in all graphs the guaranteed spread time in the asynchronous version is within an $O(\\log n)$ factor of that in the synchronous version, and this is tight. Next, we find examples of graphs whose asynchronous spread times are logarithmic, but the synchronous versions are polynomially large. Finally, we show for any graph that the ratio of the guaranteed synchronous spread time to the guaranteed asynchronous spread time is $O\\big(n^{2\/3}\\big)$.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1137\/15m1033113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]],"date-time":"2017-04-04T15:54:40Z","timestamp":1491321280000},"page":"647-668","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["On the Push&amp;Pull Protocol for Rumor Spreading"],"prefix":"10.1137","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"Acan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Collevecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Mehrabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Wormald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"351","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/120865021"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"301","author":"Berger N.","year":"2005","journal-title":"New York"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"129","author":"Bolloba\u0301s B.","year":"1997","journal-title":"UK"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2006.874516"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"1","author":"Demers A.","year":"1987","journal-title":"New York"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"21","author":"Doerr B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"New York"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"307","author":"Doerr B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heidelberg"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"159","author":"Doerr B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heidelberg"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"308","author":"Durrett R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Berlin"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2008.04.017"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rsa.3240010406"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoap\/1177005440"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rsa.20432"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"1642","author":"Fountoulakis N.","year":"2012","journal-title":"New York"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00453-012-9710-y"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"57","author":"Giakkoupis G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wadern"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"801","author":"Giakkoupis G.","year":"2014","journal-title":"New York"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"185","author":"Giakkoupis G.","year":"2016","journal-title":"New York"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. R. Grimmett and D. R. Stirzaker,\n                      Probability and Random Processes\n                      , 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198572237.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"229","author":"Harchol-Balter M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"New York"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/net.3230180406"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-09444-0_3"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963548399003892"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Karp, C. Schindelhauer, S. Shenker, and B. Vocking,\n                      Randomized rumor spreading\n                      , in Proceedings of the 41st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 2000, pp. 565-574,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SFCS.2000.892324.","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.2000.892324"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Kempe, A. Dobra, and J. Gehrke,\n                      Gossip-based computation of aggregate information\n                      , in Proceedings of the 44th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 2003, pp. 482-491,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SFCS.2003.1238221.","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.2003.1238221"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"195","author":"McDiarmid C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Berlin"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rsa.20624"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"424","author":"Panagiotou K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Berlin"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00453-008-9245-4"}],"container-title":["SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1137\/15M1033113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:24:01Z","timestamp":1787322241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/10.1137\/15M1033113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1137\/15M1033113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1137\/15m1033113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-4801","1095-7146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-4801","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-7146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}}}