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Sci. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Fokker--Planck (FP) equation governing the evolution of the probability density function (PDF) is applicable to many disciplines, but it requires specification of the coefficients for each case, which can be functions of space-time and not just constants and hence require the development of a data-driven modeling approach. When the data available is directly on the PDF, there exist methods for inverse problems that can be employed to infer the coefficients and thus determine the FP equation and subsequently obtain its solution. Herein, we address a more realistic scenario, where only sparse data are given on the particles' positions at a few time instants, which are not sufficient to accurately construct directly the PDF even at those times from existing methods, e.g., kernel estimation algorithms. To this end, we develop a general framework based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) that introduces a new loss function using the Kullback--Leibler divergence to connect the stochastic samples with the FP equation to simultaneously learn the equation and infer the multidimensional PDF at all times. In particular, we consider two types of inverse problems, type I, where the FP equation is known but the initial PDF is unknown, and type II, in which, in addition to the unknown initial PDF, the drift and diffusion terms are also unknown. In both cases, we investigate problems with either Brownian or L\u00e9vy noise or a combination of both. We demonstrate the new PINN framework in detail in the one-dimensional (1D) case, but we also provide results for up to five dimensions demonstrating that we can infer both the FP equation and dynamics simultaneously at all times with high accuracy using only very few discrete observations of the particles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1137\/20m1360153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T11:43:08Z","timestamp":1624880588000},"page":"B811-B830","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Solving Inverse Stochastic Problems from Discrete Particle Observations Using the Fokker--Planck Equation and Physics-Informed Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.1137","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5835-4432","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7476-9168","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-990X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinqiao","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9713-7120","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George Em","family":"Karniadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"351","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809781"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Inc.","author":"Archambeau C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2021.110219"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5018409"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Learning and Meta-Learning of Stochastic Advection-Diffusion-Reaction Systems from Sparse Measurements, preprint, https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1910.09098","author":"Chen X.","year":"2019"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2018.12.005"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/080714130"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"An Introduction to Stochastic Dynamics","author":"Duan J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2016.01.010"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718942115"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10182-013-0216-y"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2010.2068870"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.201800233"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"nPINNs: Nonlocal Physics-Informed Neural Networks for a Parametrized Nonlocal Universal Laplacian Operator: Algorithms and Applications, preprint, https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.04276","author":"Pang G.","year":"2020"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/18M1229845"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2018.10.045"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"2040","volume-title":"Inc.","author":"Ruttor A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118575574","volume-title":"Multivariate Density Estimation: Theory, Practice, and Visualization","author":"Scott D. W.","year":"2015"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5132840"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Generative Ensemble-Regression: Learning Stochastic Dynamics from Discrete Particle Ensemble Observations, preprint, https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2008.01915v1","author":"Yang L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/140980545"}],"container-title":["SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1137\/20M1360153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:44:10Z","timestamp":1787327050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/10.1137\/20M1360153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1137\/20M1360153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1137\/20m1360153","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-8275","1095-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-8275","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}}}