{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T02:54:31Z","timestamp":1761101671241,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]],"date-time":"2003-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1054425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biochem. Cell Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The enzymes that transcribe, recombine, package, and duplicate the eukaryotic genome all are highly processive and capable of generating large forces. Understanding chromosome function therefore will require analysis of mechanics as well as biochemistry. Here we review development of new biophysical-biochemical techniques for studying the mechanical properties of isolated chromatin fibers and chromosomes. We also discuss microscopy-based experiments on cells that visualize chromosome structure and dynamics. Experiments on chromatin tell us about its flexibility and fluctuation, as well as quantifying the forces generated during chromatin assembly. Experiments on whole chromosomes provide insight into the higher-order organization of chromatin; for example, recent experiments have shown that the mitotic chromosome is held together by isolated chromatin-chromatin links and not a large, mechanically contiguous non-DNA \"scaffold\".Key words: DNA struture, chromatin, chromosomes, mitosis. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/o03-047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,23]],"date-time":"2003-07-23T16:08:32Z","timestamp":1058976512000},"page":"209-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Micromechanics of chromatin and chromosomes"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"John F","family":"Marko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G","family":"Poirier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"p_1\/p_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.658","volume":"98","author":"Ali B.M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_2\/p_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.3531","volume":"296","author":"Anderson J.D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"p_3\/p_3_1","first-page":"148","volume":"22","author":"Arents G.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_4\/p_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(84)90383-8","volume":"176","author":"Ausio J.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"p_5\/p_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(84)90291-2","volume":"177","author":"Ausio J.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"p_6\/p_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(01)02000-1","volume":"11","author":"Belmont A.S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_7\/p_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.262672799","volume":"99","author":"Belmont A.S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_8\/p_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.1.77","volume":"105","author":"Belmont A.S.","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"p_9\/p_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00291049","volume":"98","author":"Belmont A.S.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"p_10\/p_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/89646","volume":"8","author":"Bennink M.L.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"p_11\/p_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/35053131","volume":"409","author":"Bianco P.R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"p_12\/p_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01167-4","volume":"111","author":"Blat Y.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"p_13\/p_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(02)75506-9","volume":"82","author":"Bockelmann U.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"p_14\/p_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90239-5","volume":"55","author":"Boy de la Tour E.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"p_15\/p_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.062034799","volume":"99","author":"Brower-Toland B.D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_16\/p_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bustamante, C., Marko, J.F., Siggia, E.D., and Smith, S. 1994. Entropic elasticity of lambda-phage DNA. Science (Washington, D.C.), 265: 1599-1600.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8079175"},{"key":"p_17\/p_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(00)00085-3","volume":"10","author":"Bustamante C.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"p_18\/p_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callan, H.G. 1986. Lampbrush chromosomes. Springer, New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-82792-1"},{"key":"p_19\/p_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/1811479a0","volume":"181","author":"Callan H.G.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"p_20\/p_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000133681","volume":"66","author":"Claussen U.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Cell Gen."},{"key":"p_21\/p_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cluzel, P., Lebrun, A., Heller, C., Lavery, R., Viovy, J.L., Chatenay, D., and Caron, F. 1996. DNA: an extensible molecule. Science (Washington, D.C.), 271: 792-4.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5250.792"},{"key":"p_22\/p_22_1","unstructured":"Cole, A. 1967. Chromosome structure. Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Vol. 1. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 305-375."},{"key":"p_23\/p_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/9.2.445","volume":"9","author":"Cotton R.W.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"p_24\/p_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/35066075","volume":"2","author":"Cremer T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"p_25\/p_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1993.058.01.085","volume":"58","author":"Cremer T.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"p_26\/p_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.145.6.1119","volume":"145","author":"Croft J.A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"p_27\/p_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.1.127","volume":"97","author":"Cui Y.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_28\/p_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1021\/bi992628w","volume":"39","author":"Daban J.R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"p_29\/p_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dekker, J., Rippe, K., Dekker, M., and Kleckner, N. 2002. Capturing chromosome conformation. Science (Washington, D.C.), 295: 1306-1311.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067799"},{"key":"p_30\/p_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/35087089","volume":"3","author":"Dietzel S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_31\/p_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/35053124","volume":"409","author":"Dohoney K.M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"p_32\/p_32_1","first-page":"935","volume":"94","author":"Essavez-Roulet B.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_33\/p_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9384","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.18.9384","volume":"93","author":"Felsenfeld G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_34\/p_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(00)00172-6","volume":"11","author":"Flaus A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"p_35\/p_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/198036a0","volume":"198","author":"Gall J.G.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"p_36\/p_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(86)80010-9","volume":"188","author":"Gasser S.M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"p_37\/p_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)80008-8","volume":"91","author":"Guacci V.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"p_38\/p_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(98)80006-9","volume":"10","author":"Hirano T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_39\/p_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.1.11","volume":"13","author":"Hirano T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"p_40\/p_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90254-2","volume":"79","author":"Hirano T.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"p_41\/p_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.145.2.215","volume":"145","author":"Houchmandzadeh B.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_42\/p_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.139.1.1","volume":"139","author":"Houchmandzadeh B.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_43\/p_43_1","first-page":"14","volume":"12","author":"Israelachvilli J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sec."},{"key":"p_44\/p_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08144.x","volume":"9","author":"Jackson D.A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"p_45\/p_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8167","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8167","volume":"93","author":"Kleckner N.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_46\/p_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250471597","volume":"97","author":"Ladoux B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_47\/p_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1978.042.01.036","volume":"42","author":"Laemmli U.K.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Quant. Biol."},{"key":"p_48\/p_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12295","volume":"95","author":"Leger J.F.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_49\/p_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0136890100","volume":"100","author":"Leuba S.H.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_50\/p_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/35048603","volume":"408","author":"Lever M.A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"p_51\/p_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.1133","volume":"23","author":"Losada A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"p_52\/p_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.13.1986","volume":"12","author":"Losada A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"p_53\/p_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/38444","volume":"389","author":"Luger K.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"p_54\/p_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"002","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.22.12002","volume":"97","author":"Maier B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_55\/p_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(199704)65:1<114::AID-JCB12>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"65","author":"Maniotis A.J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Bioch."},{"key":"p_56\/p_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78248-1","volume":"73","author":"Marko J.F.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"p_57\/p_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.8.11.2217","volume":"8","author":"Marko J.F.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"p_58\/p_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(79)90325-8","volume":"17","author":"Marsden M.P.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"p_59\/p_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.7.5.825","volume":"7","author":"Marshall W.F.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"p_60\/p_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(06)00412-X","volume":"1","author":"Marshall W.F.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"p_61\/p_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00028-2","volume":"11","author":"Marshall W.F.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"p_62\/p_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.142.6.1595","volume":"142","author":"Melby T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_63\/p_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)80007-6","volume":"91","author":"Michaelis C.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"p_64\/p_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/35048610","volume":"408","author":"Misteli T.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"p_65\/p_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.97.2.542","volume":"97","author":"Nicklas R.B.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_66\/p_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(77)90280-X","volume":"12","author":"Paulson J.R.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"p_67\/p_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.11.3.799","volume":"11","author":"Pederson T.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"p_68\/p_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.01-08-0401","volume":"13","author":"Poirier M.G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"p_69\/p_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232442599","volume":"99","author":"Poirier M.G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"p_70\/p_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228103","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.228103","volume":"88","author":"Poirier M.G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"p_71\/p_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.11.1.269","volume":"11","author":"Poirier M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"p_72\/p_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.360","volume":"86","author":"Poirier M.G.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"p_73\/p_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10132","volume":"85","author":"Poirier M.G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"p_74\/p_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1995.0606","volume":"254","author":"Polach K.J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"p_75\/p_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/311532a0","volume":"311","author":"Richmond T.J.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"p_76\/p_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.135.6.1685","volume":"135","author":"Robinett C.C.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_77\/p_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1993.058.01.083","volume":"58","author":"Saitoh Y.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"p_78\/p_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90502-9","volume":"76","author":"Saitoh Y.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"p_79\/p_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2002.5507","volume":"277","author":"Sarkar A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"p_80\/p_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.4414","volume":"86","author":"Schiessel H.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"p_81\/p_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/35036345","volume":"2","author":"Schnitzer M.J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_82\/p_82_1","unstructured":"Schnurr, B., Amit, R., and Stavans, J. 2003. Preprint."},{"key":"p_83\/p_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, S.B., Finzi, L., and Bustamante, C. 1992. Direct mechanical measurements of the elasticity of single DNA molecules by using magnetic beads. Science (Washington, D.C.), 258: 1122-1126.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1439819"},{"key":"p_84\/p_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, S.B., Cui, Y., and Bustamante, C. 1996. Overstretching BDNA: the elastic response of individual double-stranded and single-stranded DNA molecules. Science (Washington, D.C.), 271: 795-799.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5250.795"},{"key":"p_85\/p_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00509.x","volume":"263","author":"Strunnikov A.V.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"p_86\/p_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.123.6.1635","volume":"123","author":"Strunnikov A.V.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_87\/p_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.5.587","volume":"9","author":"Strunnikov A.V.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"p_88\/p_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337519","volume":"100","author":"Sumner A.T.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"p_89\/p_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Holde, K. 1989. Chromatin. Springer, New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3490-6"},{"key":"p_90\/p_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M.D., Schnitzer, M.J., Yin, H., Landick, R., Gelles, J., and Block, S.M. 1998. Force and velocity measured for single molecules of RNA polymerase. Science (Washington, D.C.), 282: 902-907.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5390.902"},{"key":"p_91\/p_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90438-3","volume":"77","author":"Weiner B.M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"p_92\/p_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(97)00225-2","volume":"244","author":"Widom J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Physica A"},{"key":"p_93\/p_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(00)89038-8","volume":"5","author":"Woodcock C.L.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_94\/p_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/35003614","volume":"404","author":"Wuite G.J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"p_95\/p_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, H., Wang, M.D., Svoboda, K., Landick, R., Block, S.M., and Gelles, J. 1995. Transcription against an applied force. Science (Washington, D.C.), 270: 1653-1657.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5242.1653"},{"key":"p_96\/p_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.130.6.1239","volume":"130","author":"Yokota H.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"p_97\/p_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.33.1.603","volume":"33","author":"Zickler D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Genet."}],"container-title":["Biochemistry and Cell Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1139\/o03-047","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T18:21:11Z","timestamp":1751480471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1139\/o03-047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1139\/o03-047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/o03-047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0829-8211","1208-6002"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0829-8211"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1208-6002"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]}}}