{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:13:52Z","timestamp":1790061232294,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cdnsciencepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> There is growing in vivo evidence that the dipeptide carnosine has protective effects in metabolic diseases. A critical unanswered question is whether its site of action is tissues or plasma. This was investigated using oral carnosine versus \u03b2-alanine supplementation in a high-fat diet rat model. Thirty-six male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats received a control diet (CON), a high-fat diet (HF; 60% of energy from fat), the HF diet with 1.8% carnosine (HFcar), or the HF diet with 1% \u03b2-alanine (HFba), as \u03b2-alanine can increase muscle carnosine without increasing plasma carnosine. Insulin sensitivity, inflammatory signaling, and lipoxidative stress were determined in skeletal muscle and blood. In a pilot study, urine was collected. The 3 HF groups were significantly heavier than the CON group. Muscle carnosine concentrations increased equally in the HFcar and HFba groups, while elevated plasma carnosine levels and carnosine\u20134-hydroxy-2-nonenal adducts were detected only in the HFcar group. Elevated plasma and urine N<jats:sup>\u03b5<\/jats:sup>-(carboxymethyl)lysine in HF rats was reduced by \u223c50% in the HFcar group but not in the HFba group. Likewise, inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA was decreased by 47% (p &lt; 0.05) in the HFcar group, but not in the HFba group, compared with HF rats. We conclude that plasma carnosine, but not muscle carnosine, is involved in preventing early-stage lipoxidation in the circulation and inflammatory signaling in the muscle of rats. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T14:48:38Z","timestamp":1427899718000},"page":"868-876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Plasma carnosine, but not muscle carnosine, attenuates high-fat diet-induced metabolic stress"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Sanne","family":"Stegen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Stegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Aldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Altomare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Cannizzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marica","family":"Orioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Gerlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Deldicque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Research Group in Exercise Physiology, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Box 1500, 3001 Leuven, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Ramaekers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Research Group in Exercise Physiology, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Box 1500, 3001 Leuven, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hespel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Research Group in Exercise Physiology, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Box 1500, 3001 Leuven, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Derave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/476279"},{"key":"refg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01101.x"},{"key":"refg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1269-z"},{"key":"refg4\/ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-009-9232-4"},{"key":"refg5\/ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.504753"},{"key":"refg6\/ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.00617.x"},{"key":"refg7\/ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300572"},{"key":"refg8\/ref8","unstructured":"Boldyrev A.A. 2006. Carnosine and oxidative stress in cells and tissues. Nova Science Publishers, New York."},{"key":"refg9\/ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2008.0716"},{"key":"refg10\/ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2012"},{"key":"refg11\/ref11","first-page":"789","volume":"118","author":"Bonnard C.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"refg12\/ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E215","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00098.2010","volume":"299","author":"Brandt N.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"refg13\/ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.068"},{"key":"refg14\/ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(80)90104-3"},{"key":"refg15\/ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.10.001"},{"key":"refg16\/ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738020170111501"},{"key":"refg17\/ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S302"},{"key":"refg18\/ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.1.261","volume":"80","author":"Delp M.D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"refg19\/ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00397.2007"},{"key":"refg20\/ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00084.2012"},{"key":"refg21\/ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31826cdb68"},{"key":"refg22\/ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grundy, S.M., Brewer, H.B., Cleeman, J.I., Smith, S.C., and Lenfant, C. 2004. Definition of metabolic syndrome - Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24: E13\u2013E18. 10.1161\/01.ATV.0000111245.75752.C6. 14766739.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000111245.75752.C6"},{"key":"refg23\/ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-1165-y"},{"key":"refg24\/ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-006-0299-9"},{"key":"refg25\/ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-005-1043-3"},{"key":"refg26\/ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32833aabd9"},{"key":"refg27\/ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2011.5.5.421"},{"key":"refg28\/ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.44.31740"},{"key":"refg29\/ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.02.010"},{"key":"refg30\/ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.12.013"},{"key":"refg31\/ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01834.x"},{"key":"refg32\/ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.12.001"},{"key":"refg33\/ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020322801007","volume":"228","author":"Nagai K.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"refg34\/ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-S006"},{"key":"refg35\/ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)01239-X"},{"key":"refg36\/ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac7016184"},{"key":"refg37\/ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1001-1138"},{"key":"refg38\/ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2014.09.005"},{"key":"refg39\/ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000331721"},{"key":"refg40\/ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwi053"},{"key":"refg41\/ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000331740"},{"key":"refg42\/ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0177"},{"key":"refg43\/ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2007.2252.2260"},{"key":"refg44\/ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121062"},{"key":"refg45\/ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103258"},{"key":"refg46\/ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.10.004"},{"key":"refg47\/ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2013.815348"},{"key":"refg48\/ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.5.2524","volume":"161","author":"Witko-Sarsat V.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"refg49\/ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.4.1501","volume":"81","author":"Wojtaszewski J.F.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"refg50\/ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.9.1563","volume":"43","author":"Wr\u00f3bel K.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"refg51\/ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02231-5"},{"key":"refg52\/ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36966-1","volume":"269","author":"Yan S.D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1139\/apnm-2015-0042","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1139\/apnm-2015-0042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T16:23:45Z","timestamp":1751473425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1139\/apnm-2015-0042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1139\/apnm-2015-0042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2015-0042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1715-5312","1715-5320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1715-5312","type":"print"},{"value":"1715-5320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-02-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}