{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:54:12Z","timestamp":1790632452736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cdnsciencepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This study evaluated the effects of ingesting sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) or caffeine individually or in combination on high-intensity cycling capacity. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, 13 healthy, noncycling trained males (age: 21 \u00b1 3 years, height: 178 \u00b1 6 cm, body mass: 76 \u00b1 12 kg, peak power output (W<jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub>): 230 \u00b1 34 W, peak oxygen uptake: 46 \u00b1 8 mL\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) performed a graded incremental exercise test, 2 familiarisation trials, and 4 experimental trials. Trials consisted of cycling to volitional exhaustion at 100% W<jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub> (T<jats:sub>LIM<\/jats:sub>) 60 min after ingesting a solution containing either (i) 0.3 g\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body mass sodium bicarbonate (BIC), (ii) 5 mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body mass caffeine plus 0.1 g\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body mass sodium chloride (CAF), (iii) 0.3 g\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body mass sodium bicarbonate plus 5 mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body mass caffeine (BIC-CAF), or (iv) 0.1 g\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body mass sodium chloride (PLA). Experimental solutions were administered double-blind. Pre-exercise, at the end of exercise, and 5-min postexercise blood pH, base excess, and bicarbonate ion concentration ([HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>]) were significantly elevated for BIC and BIC-CAF compared with CAF and PLA. T<jats:sub>LIM<\/jats:sub> (median; interquartile range) was significantly greater for CAF (399; 350\u2013415 s; P = 0.039; r = 0.6) and BIC-CAF (367; 333\u2013402 s; P = 0.028; r = 0.6) compared with BIC (313: 284\u2013448 s) although not compared with PLA (358; 290\u2013433 s; P = 0.249, r = 0.3 and P = 0.099 and r = 0.5, respectively). There were no differences between PLA and BIC (P = 0.196; r = 0.4) or between CAF and BIC-CAF (P = 0.753; r = 0.1). Relatively large inter- and intra-individual variation was observed when comparing treatments and therefore an individual approach to supplementation appears warranted. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,18]],"date-time":"2016-03-18T05:14:09Z","timestamp":1458278049000},"page":"354-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluating the effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate, ingested individually or in combination, and a taste-matched placebo on high-intensity cycling capacity in healthy males"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Matthew F.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Sport, Outdoor and Exercise Science, Derby University, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susie","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Health, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Cox Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Health, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Cox Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike J.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Health, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Cox Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Health, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Cox Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Tallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Health, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Cox Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390802684325"},{"key":"refg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200003000-00018"},{"key":"refg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaceaccp\/mkm019"},{"key":"refg4\/ref4","unstructured":"Bird, S., and Davison, R. 1997. BASES Physiological Testing Guidelines, 3rd ed. British Association for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Leeds, UK."},{"key":"refg5\/ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01023.x"},{"key":"refg40\/ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012"},{"key":"refg6\/ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/1533-4287(1999)013<0412:TODEOA>2.0.CO;2"},{"issue":"5","key":"refg7\/ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.21.5.357","volume":"21","author":"Carr A.J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"refg8\/ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0577"},{"key":"refg9\/ref9","unstructured":"Conover, W.J. 1980. Practical Nonparametric Statistics. John Wiley and Sons, New York."},{"key":"refg10\/ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11530310-000000000-00000"},{"key":"refg11\/ref11","unstructured":"Field, A. 2005. Discovering statistics using SPSS, 2nd ed. Sage, London, UK."},{"key":"refg12\/ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.758868"},{"key":"refg13\/ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2557-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"refg14\/ref14","first-page":"139","volume":"54","author":"Higgins M.F.","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"refg15\/ref15","first-page":"187","volume":"35","author":"Ibanez J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"refg16\/ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2012.07.007"},{"key":"refg17\/ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.22.3.175","volume":"22","author":"Kilding A.E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"refg18\/ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.083071"},{"issue":"1","key":"refg36\/ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.3.1.2","volume":"3","author":"Matson L.G.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr."},{"key":"refg19\/ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/095442299108728956"},{"key":"refg20\/ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00937.2004"},{"key":"refg21\/ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00027.x"},{"key":"refg22\/ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198408000-00002"},{"issue":"1","key":"refg23\/ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.58.1.14","volume":"58","author":"Parkhouse W.S.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"refg24\/ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182576f3d"},{"key":"refg25\/ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e06e4a"},{"issue":"2","key":"refg26\/ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.18.2.116","volume":"18","author":"Pruscino C.K.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"refg27\/ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181f55eb1"},{"key":"refg28\/ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1351-8"},{"key":"refg29\/ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh018"},{"key":"refg30\/ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00801.2011"},{"key":"refg31\/ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-012-0247-2"},{"key":"refg32\/ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13187"},{"key":"refg33\/ref33","unstructured":"Vincent, W.J., and Weir, J.P. 2012. Statistics in Kinesiology, 4th ed. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, U.S.A."},{"issue":"1","key":"refg34\/ref34","first-page":"64","volume":"6","author":"Whitley E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"refg37\/ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.061580","volume":"45","author":"Wittekind A.L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1139\/apnm-2015-0371","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1139\/apnm-2015-0371","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T15:30:23Z","timestamp":1751470223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1139\/apnm-2015-0371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1139\/apnm-2015-0371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2015-0371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1715-5312","1715-5320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1715-5312","type":"print"},{"value":"1715-5320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-07-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-11-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-03-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}