{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T11:01:12Z","timestamp":1783594872441,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cdnsciencepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biochem. Cell Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The oral cavity is a non-uniform, extraordinary environment characterized by mucosal, epithelial, abiotic surfaces and secretions as saliva. Aerobic and anaerobic commensal and pathogenic microorganisms colonize the tongue, teeth, jowl, gingiva, and periodontium. Commensals exert an important role in host defenses, while pathogenic microorganisms can nullify this protective function causing oral and systemic diseases. Every day, 750\u20131000 mL of saliva, containing several host defense constituents including lactoferrin (Lf), are secreted and swallowed. Lf is a multifunctional iron-chelating cationic glycoprotein of innate immunity. Depending on, or regardless of its iron-binding ability, Lf exerts bacteriostatic, bactericidal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, antiadhesive, anti-invasive, and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we report the protective role of Lf in different oral pathologies, such as xerostomia, halitosis, alveolar or maxillary bone damage, gingivitis, periodontitis, and black stain. Unlike antibiotic therapy, which is ineffective against bacteria that are within a biofilm, adherent, or intracellular, the topical administration of Lf, through its simultaneous activity against microbial replication, biofilms, adhesion, and invasiveness, as well as inflammation, has been proven to be efficient in the treatment of all known oral pathologies without any adverse effects. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2020-0052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T21:37:02Z","timestamp":1585258622000},"page":"81-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Lactoferrin and oral pathologies: a therapeutic treatment"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Stefania","family":"Lepanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antimo","family":"Cutone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giusi","family":"Ianiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Pernarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Sangermano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Musci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Ottolenghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piera","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.174"},{"key":"refg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12947"},{"key":"refg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1608141"},{"key":"refg4\/ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12393"},{"key":"refg5\/ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.6.2628-2632.1994"},{"key":"refg6\/ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.32.2.655-660.1981"},{"key":"refg7\/ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2019-0248"},{"key":"refg8\/ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12899"},{"key":"refg9\/ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bartold, P.M., and Narayanan, A.S. 2006. Molecular and cell biology of healthy and diseased periodontal tissues. Periodontology 2000, 40: 29\u201349. 10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00140.x. 16398684.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00140.x"},{"key":"refg10\/ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIOM.0000027704.53859.d3"},{"key":"refg11\/ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o06-039"},{"key":"refg12\/ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201002300430"},{"issue":"3","key":"refg13\/ref13","first-page":"10","volume":"2","author":"Berlutti F.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Stomatol."},{"key":"refg14\/ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.04.020"},{"key":"refg15\/ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-018-0087-5"},{"key":"refg16\/ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio243142a0"},{"key":"refg107\/ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-018-0081-y"},{"key":"refg17\/ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(08)60160-2"},{"key":"refg18\/ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2016.06.005"},{"key":"refg108\/ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01476.x"},{"key":"refg19\/ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o06-057"},{"key":"refg20\/ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092128"},{"key":"refg21\/ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020252"},{"issue":"9","key":"refg22\/ref22","first-page":"60","volume":"29","author":"Deo V.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Today"},{"issue":"7","key":"refg23\/ref23","first-page":"409","volume":"44","author":"Dewhirst F.E.","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Calif. Dent. Assoc."},{"issue":"7","key":"refg24\/ref24","first-page":"421","volume":"44","author":"Diaz P.I.","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Calif. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"refg25\/ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502875112"},{"key":"refg26\/ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-136-7-1437"},{"key":"refg27\/ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12017"},{"key":"refg28\/ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12674"},{"key":"refg29\/ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2012.04.001"},{"key":"refg30\/ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-014-9740-9"},{"key":"refg31\/ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2007.00197.x"},{"key":"refg32\/ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.57.7"},{"key":"refg33\/ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.1999.260501.x"},{"key":"refg34\/ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.07.007"},{"key":"refg35\/ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.10.006"},{"key":"refg36\/ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hart, T.C., and Kornman, K.S. 1997. Genetic factors in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontology 2000, 14: 202\u2013215. 10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00198.x. 9567972.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00198.x"},{"key":"refg37\/ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1574-8"},{"key":"refg38\/ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2014.07.012"},{"key":"refg39\/ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holt, S.C., and Ebersole, J.L. 2005. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the \u201cred complex\u201d, a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontology 2000, 38: 72\u2013122. 10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x. 15853938.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x"},{"key":"refg40\/ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"James, P., Worthington, H.V., Parnell, C., Harding, M., Lamont, T., Cheung, A. et al. 2017. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3: CD008676. 10.1002\/14651858.CD008676.pub2. 28362061.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008676.pub2"},{"key":"refg41\/ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson, T.M., Worthington, H.V., Clarkson, J.E., Poklepovic Pericic, T., Sambunjak, D., and Imai, P. 2015. Mechanical interdental cleaning for preventing and controlling periodontal diseases and dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (12) CD012018. 10.1002\/14651858.CD012018.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012018"},{"key":"refg42\/ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2002.01829.x"},{"key":"refg43\/ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865"},{"key":"refg44\/ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0386-1"},{"key":"refg109\/ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01438"},{"key":"refg45\/ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurgan, S., and Kantarci, A. 2018. Molecular basis for immunohistochemical and inflammatory changes during progression of gingivitis to periodontitis. Periodontology 2000, 76(1): 51\u201367. 10.1111\/prd.12146. 29194785.","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12146"},{"key":"refg46\/ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x"},{"key":"refg47\/ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225666"},{"key":"refg48\/ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071323"},{"key":"refg49\/ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1967.38.6.610"},{"key":"refg50\/ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loesche, W.J., and Kazor, C. 2002. Microbiology and treatment of halitosis. Periodontology 2000, 28: 256\u2013279. 10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.280111.x. 12013345.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.280111.x"},{"key":"refg51\/ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200010200-00023"},{"key":"refg52\/ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(66)90004-0"},{"key":"refg53\/ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.06.010"},{"key":"refg54\/ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2013.12.028"},{"key":"refg55\/ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12776"},{"key":"refg56\/ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-12-8"},{"key":"refg57\/ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0095"},{"key":"refg58\/ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4867415"},{"key":"refg59\/ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0199-7"},{"key":"refg60\/ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12679"},{"key":"refg61\/ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01586-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"refg62\/ref62","first-page":"72","volume":"11","author":"Nazir M.A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"refg63\/ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092891"},{"key":"refg64\/ref64","first-page":"10","volume":"87","author":"Osso D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"refg65\/ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.03.004"},{"key":"refg66\/ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2010.07.014"},{"key":"refg67\/ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.08.010"},{"key":"refg68\/ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-6-541"},{"key":"refg69\/ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2003.07.010"},{"key":"refg70\/ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/2277"},{"key":"refg71\/ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4812253"},{"key":"refg72\/ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000200010"},{"key":"refg73\/ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091985"},{"key":"refg74\/ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-018-0092-8"},{"key":"refg75\/ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/IJBMS.2018.31997.7690"},{"key":"refg76\/ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0517-3"},{"key":"refg77\/ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7417\/CT.2019.2163"},{"key":"refg78\/ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516668847"},{"key":"refg79\/ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2016-0049"},{"key":"refg80\/ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx054"},{"key":"refg81\/ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-010-0422-x"},{"key":"refg82\/ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2164-5"},{"key":"refg83\/ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/417552a"},{"key":"refg84\/ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.070196"},{"key":"refg85\/ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slots, J. 2017. Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future. Periodontology 2000, 75(1): 7\u201323. 10.1111\/prd.12221. 28758294.","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12221"},{"key":"refg86\/ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Socransky, S.S., and Haffajee, A.D. 2005. Periodontal microbial ecology. Periodontology 2000, 38: 135\u2013187. 10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00107.x. 15853940.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00107.x"},{"key":"refg87\/ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2000.tb00554.x"},{"key":"refg88\/ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Susin, C., Haas, A.N., and Albandar, J.M. 2014. Epidemiology and demographics of aggressive periodontitis. Periodontology 2000, 65(1): 27\u201345. 10.1111\/prd.12019. 24738585.","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12019"},{"key":"refg89\/ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o11-054"},{"key":"refg90\/ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2018.07.001"},{"key":"refg91\/ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1977.48.1.13"},{"key":"refg92\/ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12939"},{"key":"refg93\/ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5372-0"},{"key":"refg94\/ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2016-0050"},{"key":"refg95\/ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valkenburg, C., Van der Weijden, F.A., and Slot, D.E. 2019. Plaque control and reduction of gingivitis: The evidence for dentifrices. Periodontology 2000, 79(1): 221\u2013232. 10.1111\/prd.12257. 30892760.","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12257"},{"key":"refg96\/ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2012.01883.x"},{"key":"refg97\/ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000358783"},{"key":"refg98\/ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12868"},{"key":"refg99\/ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001665"},{"key":"refg100\/ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01688-08"},{"key":"refg101\/ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9304-6"},{"key":"refg102\/ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.80"},{"key":"refg103\/ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(96)00104-5"},{"key":"refg104\/ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12728"},{"key":"refg105\/ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.146"},{"key":"refg106\/ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/469392"}],"container-title":["Biochemistry and Cell Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1139\/bcb-2020-0052","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1139\/bcb-2020-0052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T18:04:04Z","timestamp":1751479444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1139\/bcb-2020-0052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1139\/bcb-2020-0052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/bcb-2020-0052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0829-8211","1208-6002"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0829-8211","type":"print"},{"value":"1208-6002","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}