{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:13:17Z","timestamp":1772849597822,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Microbiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Microbial populations in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are increasingly being recognized as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. PCR amplicons for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS were recorded in samples from a WWTP in Vancouver, British Columbia. Six strains of ciprofloxacin-resistant Citrobacter freundii were isolated and found to carry mutations in gyrA and parC, as well as multiple plasmid-borne resistance genes, collectively including qnrB; aac(6\u2032)-Ib-cr; \u03b2-lactamase-encoding genes from molecular classes A (bla<jats:sub>TEM-1<\/jats:sub>), C (ampC), D (bla<jats:sub>OXA-1<\/jats:sub>, bla<jats:sub>OXA-10<\/jats:sub>); and genes for resistance to 5 other types of antibiotics. In 3 strains, large (&gt;60 kb) plasmids carried qnrB4 and ampC as part of a complex integron in a 14 kb arrangement that has been reported worldwide but, until recently, only among pathogenic strains of Klebsiella. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the qnrB4-ampC regions infers 2 introductions into the WWTP environment. These results suggest recent passage of plasmid-borne fluoroquinolone and \u03b2-lactam resistance genes from pathogens to bacteria that may be indigenous inhabitants of WWTPs, thus contributing to an environmental pool of antibiotic resistance. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2012-0576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,29]],"date-time":"2012-11-29T15:03:03Z","timestamp":1354201383000},"page":"110-116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Complex integrons containing <i>qnrB4-ampC<\/i> (<i>bla<\/i><sub>DHA-1<\/sub>) in plasmids of multidrug-resistant <i>Citrobacter freundii<\/i> from wastewater"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Yim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waldan","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.02.002"},{"key":"refg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2008.05.006"},{"key":"refg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.5.1190-1198.2002"},{"key":"refg4\/ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.12.001"},{"key":"refg5\/ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00378-06"},{"key":"refg6\/ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01009-09"},{"key":"refg7\/ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-102209-163504"},{"key":"refg8\/ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00070-07"},{"key":"refg9\/ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es1029206"},{"key":"refg10\/ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01298.x"},{"key":"refg11\/ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505397"},{"key":"refg12\/ref12","unstructured":"Gomes, K. 2009. 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