{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:17:34Z","timestamp":1793744254145,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en_GB"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010318","name":"University of Manitoba","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007631","name":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Azrieli Global Scholars program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Azrieli Global Scholars program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Discovery Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cdnsciencepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Microbiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Boric acid is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial used to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis when patients relapse on the primary azole drug fluconazole. Candida albicans is the most common cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis, colloquially referred to as a \u201cvaginal yeast infection\u201d. Little is known about the propensity of C. albicans to develop BA resistance or tolerance (the ability of a subpopulation to grow slowly in high levels of drug). We evolved 96 replicates from eight diverse C. albicans strains to increasing BA concentrations to test the evolvability of BA resistance and tolerance. Replicate growth was individually assessed daily, with replicates passaged when they had reached an optical density consistent with exponential growth. Many replicates went extinct quickly. Although some replicates could grow in much higher levels of BA than the ancestral strains, evolved populations isolated from the highest terminal BA levels (after 11 weeks of passages) surprisingly showed only modest growth improvements and only at low levels of BA. No large increases in resistance or tolerance were observed in the evolved replicates. Overall, our findings illustrate that there may be evolutionary constraints limiting the emergence of BA resistance and tolerance, which could explain why it remains an effective treatment for recurrent yeast infections. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2023-0225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T17:34:32Z","timestamp":1715880872000},"page":"384-393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Constraint on boric acid resistance and tolerance evolvability in <i>Candida albicans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Yana","family":"Syvolos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola E.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0781-9356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleeza C.","family":"Gerstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]},{"name":"University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/163.4.1287"},{"key":"refg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01315-08"},{"key":"refg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2021.100115"},{"key":"refg4\/ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.12.2236"},{"key":"refg5\/ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01777-22"},{"key":"refg6\/ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0322-2"},{"key":"refg7\/ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01466-20"},{"key":"refg8\/ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.6.1515-1522.2000"},{"key":"refg9\/ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2015.10.001"},{"key":"refg10\/ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn486"},{"key":"refg11\/ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/134.3.717"},{"key":"refg12\/ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.2.308"},{"key":"refg13\/ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00480-20"},{"key":"refg14\/ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.171124"},{"key":"refg15\/ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000295"},{"key":"refg16\/ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2022.101965"},{"key":"refg17\/ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7080667"},{"key":"refg18\/ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv037"},{"key":"refg19\/ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.174623.114"},{"key":"refg20\/ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2708"},{"key":"refg21\/ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.662597"},{"key":"refg22\/ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.09.084"},{"key":"refg23\/ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkac156"},{"key":"refg24\/ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0209-6"},{"key":"refg25\/ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13191"},{"key":"refg26\/ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01344-17"},{"key":"refg27\/ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv070"},{"key":"refg28\/ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/162.2.737"},{"key":"refg29\/ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31827307b2"},{"key":"refg30\/ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00041-07"},{"key":"refg31\/ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050227"},{"key":"refg32\/ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933"},{"key":"refg33\/ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00821-20"},{"key":"refg34\/ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00547-18"},{"key":"refg35\/ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.04.018"},{"key":"refg36\/ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3066"},{"key":"refg37\/ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh503"},{"key":"refg38\/ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020144"},{"key":"refg39\/ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04926-x"},{"key":"refg40\/ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02406-21"},{"key":"refg41\/ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011684"},{"key":"refg42\/ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30316-9"},{"key":"refg43\/ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471238961.0215181519130920.a01.pub3"},{"key":"refg44\/ref44","volume-title":"Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts: approved guideline M27-A2","author":"Sheehan DJ","year":"2004"},{"key":"refg45\/ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.06.067"},{"key":"refg46\/ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msad009"},{"key":"refg47\/ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3526"},{"key":"refg48\/ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027772"},{"key":"refg49\/ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2010.10.006"},{"key":"refg50\/ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001692"},{"key":"refg51\/ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1704-1713.2002"},{"key":"refg52\/ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2175"},{"key":"refg53\/ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05759.x"},{"key":"refg54\/ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00227-23"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1139\/cjm-2023-0225","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1139\/cjm-2023-0225","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T12:16:03Z","timestamp":1754482563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1139\/cjm-2023-0225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1139\/cjm-2023-0225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjm-2023-0225","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4166","1480-3275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4166","type":"print"},{"value":"1480-3275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}