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Microbiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Antimicrobial resistance is an ever-increasing threat. The widespread usage of ciprofloxacin has led to the manifestation of resistance due to chromosomal mutations or the acquisition of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) traits. Some particular PMQR traits, qnr genes, have been identified globally in clinical and environmental isolates. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments in southern Ontario and investigate the extent of dissemination of ciprofloxacin resistance traits among the bacterial communities. We surveyed the prevalence of plasmid encoding qnr genes using a multiplex PCR assay of associated PMQR genes, qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS, on 202 isolates. Despite the absence of significant impacts on minimum inhibitory concentration levels, the presence of qnr genes correlates with heightened resistance to quinolones and nalidixic acid in some isolates. Taxonomic analysis highlights distinct differences in the composition and diversity of ciprofloxacin-sensitive (CipS) and ciprofloxacin-resistant (CipR) populations, with Proteobacteria dominating both groups. Importantly, CipR populations exhibit lower genetic diversity but higher prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistances, suggesting co-selection mechanisms. Co-occurrence analysis highlights significant associations between ciprofloxacin resistance and other antibiotic resistances, implicating complex genetic linkages. The results of our study signified the critical role of environmental monitoring in public health. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2024-0029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T21:35:15Z","timestamp":1722461715000},"page":"492-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Occurrence and characterization of plasmid-encoded <i>qnr<\/i> genes in quinolone-resistant bacteria across diverse aquatic environments in southern Ontario"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4161-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhan","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saher M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Water, Toronto Metropolitan University","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danica","family":"Dy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Baney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3246-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Waseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley A.","family":"Gilbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","place":["Toronto, Canada"]},{"name":"Urban Water, Toronto Metropolitan University","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB\u201994)","author":"Agrawal R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"refg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261970"},{"key":"refg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.suppl_1.5"},{"key":"refg4\/ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.10.010"},{"key":"refg5\/ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.11.040"},{"key":"refg6\/ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es801845a"},{"key":"refg7\/ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120440"},{"key":"refg8\/ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00378-06"},{"key":"refg9\/ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-019-0192-2"},{"key":"refg10\/ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.34"},{"key":"refg11\/ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00927-10"},{"key":"refg12\/ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy101"},{"key":"refg13\/ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.001"},{"key":"refg14\/ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.343"},{"key":"refg15\/ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070677"},{"key":"refg16\/ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm204"},{"key":"refg17\/ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.02.005"},{"key":"refg18\/ref18","volume-title":"Humber Wasterwater Treatment Plant 2016 Annual Report","author":"City of Toronto","year":"2016"},{"key":"refg19\/ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.04.005"},{"key":"refg20\/ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091117"},{"key":"refg21\/ref21","first-page":"523","volume":"30","author":"Doi Y.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. 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