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Microbiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health threat in Canada. In 2022, rising resistance was reported among key pathogens, yet national coordination remains inconsistent, with strategies varying widely by province and territory. This study explored AMR-related challenges in healthcare and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on AMR efforts in Canada. Using a qualitative design, researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with 59 experts from fields such as microbiology, public health, and industry. Participants were identified through environmental scanning and snowball sampling. Thematic analysis of transcripts revealed major barriers to a unified AMR response, including inconsistent surveillance, fragmented stewardship efforts, and decentralized health systems. According to participating AMR experts, COVID-19 disrupted AMR control by diverting resources and potentially increasing resistance but also led to improvements in infection prevention, public awareness, and health infrastructure. Participants emphasized the need for stronger political commitment, improved surveillance, a One Health approach, and better funded, coordinated stewardship programs. With the publication of the Pan-Canadian Action Plan in 2023, the Canadian federal government has announced changes. However, effectively addressing AMR will require a unified, multisectoral strategy that bridges political, health, and societal efforts across jurisdictions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2025-0143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T21:35:27Z","timestamp":1763588127000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A qualitative scan on the challenges of AMR in Canada and experts\u2019 proposed solutions"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Armelle","family":"Lorcy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7404-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Garnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-8056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Daley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Centre","place":["St. John's, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1336-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c8ve","family":"Dub\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab038"},{"key":"refg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732316679953"},{"key":"refg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.05.001"},{"key":"refg4\/ref4","volume-title":"A study on the status of antimicrobial resistance in Canada and related recommendations","author":"Casey B.","year":"2018"},{"key":"refg5\/ref5","volume-title":"When antibiotics fail","author":"CCA","year":"2019"},{"key":"refg6\/ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2020.v110i7.14917"},{"key":"refg7\/ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v44i02a01"},{"key":"refg8\/ref8","volume-title":"Qualitative inquiry & research design: choosing among five approaches","author":"Creswell J.W.","year":"2018","edition":"4"},{"key":"refg9\/ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01189-6"},{"key":"refg10\/ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252407"},{"key":"refg11\/ref11","volume-title":"Basics of grounded theory analysis","author":"Glaser B.","year":"1992"},{"key":"refg12\/ref12","volume-title":"Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial utilization in Canada","author":"Grant J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"refg13\/ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223822"},{"key":"refg14\/ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1204980"},{"key":"refg15\/ref15","unstructured":"Katwyk S.R.V. 2020. Strengthening the science of addressing antimicrobial resistance: a framework for planning, conducting and disseminating antimicrobial resistance intervention research. 13."},{"key":"refg16\/ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.12.006"},{"key":"refg17\/ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riab057"},{"key":"refg18\/ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/anthropologiesante.2825"},{"key":"refg19\/ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2018.09.018"},{"key":"refg20\/ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-021-00600-w"},{"key":"refg21\/ref21","unstructured":"PHAC. 2015. Federal action plan on antimicrobial resistance and use in Canada. Available from https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/canada\/health-canada\/migration\/healthy-canadians\/alt\/pdf\/publications\/drugs-products-medicaments-produits\/antibiotic-resistance-antibiotique\/action-plan-daction-eng.pdf [accessed June 2025]."},{"key":"refg22\/ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58333\/f241022"},{"key":"refg23\/ref23","unstructured":"PHAC. 2023a. Canadian antimicrobial resistance surveillance system report. Available from https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/phac-aspc\/documents\/services\/publications\/drugs-health-products\/canadian-antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-system-2023-executive-summary\/canadian-antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-system-2023-executive-summary.pdf [accessed June 2025]."},{"key":"refg24\/ref24","volume-title":"Pan Canadian action plan on antimicrobial resistance","author":"PHAC","year":"2023"},{"key":"refg25\/ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-020-00248-9"},{"key":"refg26\/ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v48i1112a05"},{"key":"refg27\/ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100393"},{"key":"refg28\/ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.10.018"},{"key":"refg29\/ref29","unstructured":"WHO. 2021. 2021 Antibacterial agents in clinical and preclinical development: an overview and analysis. 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