{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:57:00Z","timestamp":1773935820099,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["305003\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305003\/2022-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["305924\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305924\/2021-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["310622\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310622\/2021-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Cearense Foundation to Support Scientific and Technological Development","award":["PVS-0215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PVS-0215"]}]},{"name":"Cearense Foundation to Support Scientific and Technological Development","award":["00099.01.00\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00099.01.00\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cdnsciencepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Microbiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Cryptococcus neoformans\/Cryptococcus gattii species complexes include encapsulated yeasts that cause cryptococcosis. Emodin has demonstrated antimicrobial activity. This study evaluated emodin\u2019s antifungal activity against both planktonic cells and mature biofilms of the Cryptococcus neoformans\/Cryptococcus gattii complexes, and its interaction with superoxide dismutase (SOD). Planktonic susceptibility was assessed by broth microdilution (CLSI; M27-A4). Mature biofilms were treated with emodin (128\u20131024\u2009\u00b5g\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and evaluated by crystal violet staining for biomass and the [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium] (MTT) assay for metabolic activity. Confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) and LIVE\/DEAD\u2122 staining were used to analyze viability and structure. Molecular docking assays with AutoDock Vina showed emodin\u2019s potential to bind SOD, and this was validated through the nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay. Emodin had inhibitory effects on planktonic cells, with MIC values ranging from 256 to 512\u2009\u00b5g\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Against mature biofilms, emodin at 1024\u2009\u00b5g\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    reduced biomass by 72% and metabolic activity by 99% compared to the drug-free control. Additionally, emodin reduced structural parameters of biofilms and SOD activity, supporting its role in oxidative stress induction. These findings highlight emodin\u2019s potential antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans\/Cryptococcus gattii complexes biofilms and inhibitory effect on SOD activity as a potential mechanism of action.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2025-0257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:58:26Z","timestamp":1773928706000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antifungal activity of emodin against the\n                    <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>\n                    \/\n                    <i>Cryptococcus gattii<\/i>\n                    complexes: an effect on the enzyme superoxide dismutase"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Paulo Ricardo Monteiro","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marrie da Silva","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Gleiciane","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Carvalho","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raissa Geovanna Pereira","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreza Pereira","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena Mayana Beserra","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Filho Noronha","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi (FunVir)","place":["Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil"]},{"name":"Visiting Researcher at the Cearense Foundation to Support Scientific and Technological Development","place":["Fortaleza, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waldemiro Aquino","family":"Pereira-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9ssica dos Santos","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rossana de Aguiar","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J\u00falio Costa","family":"Sidrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza","place":["Cear\u00e1, 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