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J. Microbiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine the presence of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes in Listeria spp. strains and to evaluate the effect of temperature and substrate on interspecies gene transfer. A total of 23\u00a0 L. monocytogenes strains, four L. innocua and 37 Listeria spp. isolates (excluding L. grayi, L. ivanovii, L. seeligeri, and L. welshimeri) were recovered from surfaces in a frozen vegetable processing facility. The presence of the bcrABC gene was assessed by endpoint PCR. The bcrABC gene was detected in 73.91% (17\/23) of L. monocytogenes isolates, in 50.00% (2\/4) of L. innocua strains and was not detected in the other Listeria species (0\/37). Two L. innocua strains carrying the bcrABC gene and two L. monocytogenes strains lacking it were selected for mixed culture experiments. Four co-cultures were prepared, inoculated into tryptic soy broth and spinach extract, and incubated at 4, 25, and 36 \u00b0C for 10 days. Horizontal transfer of the bcrABC gene was observed in 7.87% (17\/216) of reactions in tryptic soy broth and spinach extract, with higher frequencies at 25 \u00b0C (10\/216, 4.63%) and 36 \u00b0C (6\/216, 2.78%) and lower frequencies at 4 \u00b0C (1\/216, 0.46%). Recipient L. monocytogenes strains revealed increased resistance to QACs (500\u202f\u03bcg\/mL).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2025-0315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:29:05Z","timestamp":1786980545000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Horizontal transfer of QAC resistance genes between\n                    <i>Listeria innocua<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>\n                    strains isolated from a food production environment"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3489-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yarlenis","family":"Coello-Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro","place":["Quer\u00e9taro, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0257-1301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"G\u00f3mez Baltazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro","place":["Quer\u00e9taro, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4047-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Redondo-Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1242-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"God\u00ednez Oviedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro","place":["Quer\u00e9taro, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8365-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Ramiro","family":"Pacheco Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro","place":["Quer\u00e9taro, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3313-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez Iturriaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro","place":["Quer\u00e9taro, M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2319"},{"key":"refg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108579"},{"key":"refg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12910"},{"key":"refg4\/ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.03.099"},{"key":"refg5\/ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.111934"},{"key":"refg6\/ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11122989"},{"key":"refg7\/ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70987"},{"key":"refg8\/ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.115114"},{"key":"refg9\/ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-20-328"},{"key":"refg10\/ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s003740050548","volume":"29","author":"Dr\u00f6ge M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. 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