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However, this model suffers several weaknesses; notably, it does not explain all types of neck muscle activities in neck pain (NP), which is a very prevalent TMD comorbid condition. In NP, neck muscle antagonistic activity is increased, and agonistic activity is decreased as postulated by the pain adaptation model. However, synergistic and compensatory activity may occur and agonistic activity may be unchanged or even increased as postulated within the \u201cvicious cycle theory\u201d. Thus, both theories would apply partly as outlined currently in musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Besides pain, psychological stress may also induce motor dysfunction in TMD and NP. In NP, rehabilitation may increase agonistic activity and decrease compensatory activity and antagonistic activity, thus inducing a switch from agonist\/antagonist co-activation towards reciprocal inhibition. Thus, rehabilitation-induced motor activity changes constitute a new research field that should improve MSD therapeutics. Additionally, immature tongue function (so-called infantile swallow) might be connected to TMD where low agonistic activity of masticatory muscles would be compensated by facial muscle hyperactivity during oropharyngeal phase of deglutition. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2018-0100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T13:49:57Z","timestamp":1533131397000},"page":"1051-1059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Temporomandibular disorder and comorbid neck pain: facts and hypotheses regarding pain-induced and rehabilitation-induced motor activity changes"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Fougeront","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultation de troubles fonctionnels oro-faciaux, service de m\u00e9decine bucco-dentaire\/odontologie, groupe hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00e9tri\u00e8re Charles-Foix, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Fleiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultation de troubles fonctionnels oro-faciaux, service de m\u00e9decine bucco-dentaire\/odontologie, groupe hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00e9tri\u00e8re Charles-Foix, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France."},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de chirurgie dentaire, Universit\u00e9 Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Paris, France."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262824"},{"key":"refg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(63)90003-4"},{"key":"refg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2719-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"refg4\/ref4","first-page":"271","volume":"20","author":"Armijo Olivo, S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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