{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:05:52Z","timestamp":1790712352062,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cdnsciencepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Epigenetic DNA methylation (1-carbon metabolism) is crucial for gene imprinting\/off-printing that ensures epigenetic memory but also generates a copious amount of homocysteine (Hcy), unequivocally. That is why during pregnancy, expectant mothers are recommended \u201cfolic acid\u201d preemptively to avoid birth defects in the young ones because of elevated Hcy levels (i.e., hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)). As we know, children born with HHcy have several musculoskeletal abnormalities, including growth retardation. Here, we focus on the gut-dysbiotic microbiome implication(s) that we believe instigates the \u201c1-carbon metabolism\u201d and HHcy causing growth retardation along with skeletal muscle abnormalities. We test our hypothesis whether high-methionine diet (HMD) (an amino acid that is high in red meat), a substrate for Hcy, can cause skeletal muscle and growth retardation, and treatment with probiotics (PB) to mitigate skeletal muscle dysfunction. To test this, we employed cystathionine \u03b2-synthase, CBS deficient mouse (CBS<jats:sup>+\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>) fed with\/without HMD and with\/without a probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) in drinking water for 16 weeks. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, a hallmark of remodeling, was measured by zymography. Muscle functions were scored via electric stimulation. Our results suggest that compared to the wild-type, CBS<jats:sup>+\/\u2013<\/jats:sup> mice exhibited reduced growth phenotype. MMP-2 activity was robust in CBS<jats:sup>+\/\u2013<\/jats:sup> and HMD effects were successfully attenuated by PB intervention. Electrical stimulation magnitude was decreased in CBS<jats:sup>+\/\u2013<\/jats:sup> and CBS<jats:sup>+\/\u2013<\/jats:sup> treated with HMD. Interestingly; PB mitigated skeletal muscle growth retardation and atrophy. Collectively, results imply that individuals with mild\/moderate HHcy seem more prone to skeletal muscle injury and its dysfunction. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2020-0093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]],"date-time":"2020-08-15T21:36:50Z","timestamp":1597527410000},"page":"56-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["High-methionine diet in skeletal muscle remodeling: epigenetic mechanism of homocysteine-mediated growth retardation"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Mahavir","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akash K.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wintana","family":"Eyob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubens P.","family":"Homme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Stansic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh C.","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040346"},{"key":"refg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2015.10.003"},{"key":"refg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.01.066"},{"key":"refg4\/ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.556241"},{"key":"refg5\/ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.681445"},{"key":"refg6\/ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00003.2019"},{"key":"refg7\/ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402654e"},{"key":"refg8\/ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2019.05.09"},{"key":"refg9\/ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29163"},{"key":"refg10\/ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29163"},{"key":"refg11\/ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096921"},{"key":"refg12\/ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5951"},{"key":"refg13\/ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0944-x"},{"key":"refg14\/ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.03.020"},{"key":"refg15\/ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00147.2018"},{"key":"refg16\/ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13858"},{"key":"refg17\/ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.118.033794"},{"key":"refg18\/ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2010.00029"},{"key":"refg19\/ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003800070030"},{"issue":"1","key":"refg20\/ref20","first-page":"32","volume":"5","author":"Narayanan N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"refg21\/ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23480"},{"key":"refg22\/ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09713-w"},{"key":"refg23\/ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00183.2002"},{"key":"refg24\/ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4381"},{"key":"refg25\/ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10641969909068660"},{"key":"refg26\/ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01772207"},{"key":"refg27\/ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140715074"},{"key":"refg28\/ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls211"},{"key":"refg29\/ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665119000946"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1139\/cjpp-2020-0093","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1139\/cjpp-2020-0093","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T17:02:49Z","timestamp":1751475769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1139\/cjpp-2020-0093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1139\/cjpp-2020-0093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjpp-2020-0093","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4212","1205-7541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4212","type":"print"},{"value":"1205-7541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}