{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:06:12Z","timestamp":1781665572961,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cdnsciencepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Renal toxicity is one of the side effects of methotrexate (MTX). Therefore, this study explored the use of astaxanthin (AST), as a natural carotenoid, against MTX-induced nephrotoxicity emphasizing the changes in oxidative stress and the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2\/heme oxygenase 1 ( Nrf2\/HO-1). During the 10 days of the experiment, male Wistar rats in different groups received MTX (10\u00a0mg\/kg) on days 6, 8, and 10 and three doses of AST (25, 50, and 75\u00a0mg\/kg) during the entire course. Renal failure caused by MTX was observed in significant histopathological changes and a significant increase in serum levels of creatinine, urea, and uric acid ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Oxidative change induced by MTX injection was also observed by remarkably increasing the tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). AST decreases the adverse effects of MTX by upregulating the expression of Nrf2\/HO-1 genes ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) and decreasing the tissue level of MDA ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Also, AST significantly reduced the amount of creatinine, urea, and uric acid in the serum and improved the activity of SOD and catalase in the kidney tissue ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Thus, AST may protect the kidney against oxidative stress caused by MTX. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2023-0015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T21:39:15Z","timestamp":1694209155000},"page":"128-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/csp-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Astaxanthin prevents nephrotoxicity through <i>Nrf2\/HO-1<\/i> pathway"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0669-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faezeh","family":"Lorestani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Isfahan, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8642-5397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Movahedian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Isfahan, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2598-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel","family":"Mohammadalipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Isfahan, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2899-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hashemnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Razi University","place":["Kermanshah, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6514-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Aarabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Isfahan, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"refg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2016.1216722","volume":"38","author":"Abd El-Twab S.M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ren. 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