{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:57:02Z","timestamp":1790859422818,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/deed.en_GB"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Psychiatry Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gamma-band activity has been linked to cognitive-affective processing in depression. However, its role in deep brain stimulation (DBS) response in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains unclear. This exploratory study investigated whether ventral capsule\/ventral striatum DBS (VCVS-DBS) modulates gamma activity during cognitive-affective processing and whether DBS-related gamma changes are associated with improvement in depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven participants with TRD completed an affective Multi-Source Interference Task during DBS ON and OFF. Source-localized electroencephalography estimated local gamma power, synchrony, and effective connectivity in fronto-cingulate regions. DBS- and task-related effects were identified with cluster-based permutation testing, and follow-up analyses used Bayesian modeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During cognitive control under affective context, VCVS-DBS was associated with increased mid-gamma (41\u201355\u00a0Hz) power in left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (L-dACC) and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (R-VLPFC) after affective stimuli. In the time window where power increases overlapped (0.76\u20130.86\u00a0s), DBS was also associated with increased mid-gamma synchrony between these regions. The DBS-related increase in synchrony\u2014not local power\u2014was associated with clinical improvement (Bayesian Spearman \u03c1 = 0.52). Granger causality further indicated that effective connectivity shifted toward greater L-dACC influence over R-VLPFC during DBS. Exploratory cross-validation suggested that DBS-related synchrony change and baseline effective connectivity together accounted for individual differences in clinical improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary limitation was the necessarily small sample size, which was partially addressed using Bayesian analyses leveraging extensive within-participant data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These preliminary findings suggest that VCVS-DBS may engage a fronto-cingulate gamma network involved in cognitive-affective control in TRD. They further suggest that clinical response may depend on both baseline dACC\u2013VLPFC network organization and DBS-related modulation of gamma synchrony, highlighting potential relevance to cognitive-affective regulation across psychiatric disorders. Given the small sample size, these findings should be considered hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in larger cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn-2026-0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T22:03:56Z","timestamp":1787349836000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fronto-cingulate gamma synchrony predicts deep brain stimulation response in treatment-resistant depression: preliminary evidence"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Gholamali Nezhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishaan","family":"Tailor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto","place":["Toronto, 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