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However, the disease has also been described in healthy individuals. The tests used to identify these microorganisms have limitations that make final diagnosis difficult. However, currently there are specific gene sequences that can be used to detect C. neoformans and C. gattii from clinical specimens and cultures. These sequences can be used for identification, typing, and the study of population genetics. Among the main identification techniques are hybridization, which was the pioneer in molecular identification and development of specific probes for pathogen detection; PCR and other PCR-based methods, particularly nested PCR and multiplex PCR; and sequencing of specific genomic regions that are amplified through PCR, which is especially useful for diagnosis of cryptococcosis caused by unconventional Cryptococcus sp. Concerning microorganism typing, the following techniques have shown the best ability to differentiate between fungal serotypes and molecular types: PCR fingerprinting, PCR\u2013RFLP, AFLP, and MLST. Thus, the accumulation of data generated by molecular methods can have a positive impact on monitoring resistant strains and treating diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/w10-030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]],"date-time":"2010-07-21T19:47:37Z","timestamp":1279741657000},"page":"445-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Molecular methods for the diagnosis and characterization of<i>Cryptococcus<\/i>: a review"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J\u00falio Costa","family":"Sidrim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, s\/n, Rodolfo Te\u00f3filo, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1 60430270, Brazil."},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science, State University of Cear\u00e1, Av. 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