{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T03:37:09Z","timestamp":1775014629548,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]],"date-time":"2010-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinol (ROH) and provitamin-A carotenoids are recommended to treat ROH deficiency. Xanthophyll carotenoids, being potent antioxidants, can modulate health disorders. We hypothesize that nonprovitamin-A carotenoids may yield ROH and suppress lipid peroxidation under ROH deficiency. This study aimed to (i) study the possible bioconversion of astaxanthin and lutein to ROH similar to \u03b2-carotene and (ii) determine the antioxidant potential of these carotenoids with reference to Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase, antioxidant molecules, and lipid peroxidation (Lpx) induced by ROH deficiency in rats. ROH deficiency was induced in rats (n = 5 per group) by feeding a diet devoid of ROH. Retinol-deficient (RD) rats were gavaged with astaxanthin, lutein, \u03b2-carotene, or peanut oil alone (RD group) for 7\u00a0days. Results show that the RD group had lowered plasma ROH levels (0.3\u00a0\u00b5mol\/L), whereas ROH rose in astaxanthin and \u03b2-carotene groups (4.9 and 5.7\u00a0\u00b5mol\/L, respectively), which was supported by enhanced (69% and 70%) intestinal \u03b2-carotene 15,15\u2032-monooxygenase activity. Astaxanthin, lutein, and \u03b2-carotene lowered Lpx by 45%, 41%, and 40% (plasma), respectively, and 59%, 64%, and 60% (liver), respectively, compared with the RD group. Lowered Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase and enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities support the lowered Lpx. To conclude, this report confirms that astaxanthin is converted into \u03b2-carotene and ROH in ROH-deficient rats, and the antioxidant potential of carotenoids was in the order astaxanthin\u00a0&gt; lutein\u00a0&gt; \u03b2-carotene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/y10-074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,20]],"date-time":"2010-10-20T18:40:55Z","timestamp":1287600055000},"page":"977-985","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Retinol-deficient rats can convert a pharmacological dose of astaxanthin to retinol: antioxidant potential of astaxanthin, lutein, and \u03b2-carotene"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"R. K.","family":"Sangeetha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, CSIR, Mysore, Karnataka 570 020, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Baskaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, CSIR, Mysore, Karnataka 570 020, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"rg1\/ref1","unstructured":"Aebi, H. 1984. Catalase in vitro.InOxygen radicals in biological systems. Methods in enzymology. Vol.\u00a0105.Edited byL. Parker. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. pp. 121\u2013126."},{"key":"rg2\/ref2","unstructured":"Ames, B.N. 1966. Assay of inorganic phosphate, total phosphate and phosphatases.InComplex carbohydrates. Methods in enzymology. Vol.\u00a08.Edited byE.F. Neufeld and V. Ginsburg. Academic Press, New York. pp. 115\u2013118."},{"key":"rg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-670X(2000)13:4<343::AID-JTRA3>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"issue":"15","key":"rg4\/ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.15.8529834","volume":"9","author":"Britton G.","year":"1995","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"rg5\/ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(02)00916-4"},{"key":"rg6\/ref6","unstructured":"Flohe, L., and Otting, F. 1984. Superoxide dismutase assaysInOxygen radicals in biological systems. Methods in enzymology. Vol.\u00a0105.Edited byL. Parker. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. pp. 93\u2013104."},{"key":"rg7\/ref7","unstructured":"Gluthenberg, C., Alin, P., and Mannervik, B. 1985. Glutathione transferase from rat testis.InGlutamate, glutamine, glutathione and related compounds. Methods in enzymology. Vol.\u00a0113.Edited byA. Meister. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. pp. 507\u2013510."},{"key":"rg8\/ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90002-K"},{"key":"rg9\/ref9","first-page":"88","volume":"18","author":"Goswami U.C.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"rg10\/ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(01)00326-1"},{"key":"rg11\/ref11","first-page":"1854","volume":"252","author":"Grangaud R.","year":"1961","journal-title":"C.R. Hebd. S\u00e9ance. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"rg12\/ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(05)80347-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"rg13\/ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1010747","volume":"101","author":"Gross J.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"rg14\/ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(71)90365-8"},{"key":"rg15\/ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.4.579","volume":"31","author":"Kaplay S.S.","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"rg16\/ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006829010327"},{"issue":"12","key":"rg17\/ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.12.3303","volume":"131","author":"Kotake-Nara E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"rg18\/ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.011"},{"issue":"1","key":"rg19\/ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","volume":"193","author":"Lowry O.H.","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"rg21\/ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199163010081"},{"key":"rg22\/ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.09.010"},{"key":"rg23\/ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:FISH.0000021819.46235.12"},{"key":"rg24\/ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)40190-7","volume":"5","author":"Morrison W.R.","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"rg25\/ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.0142"},{"key":"rg26\/ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3"},{"key":"rg27\/ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.5.1166","volume":"36","author":"Olson J.A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"rg28\/ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199466051011"},{"key":"rg29\/ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0940705","volume":"94","author":"Owens C.W.I.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"rg30\/ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248464"},{"key":"rg20\/ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2009.07.005"},{"key":"rg31\/ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011125232097"},{"key":"rg32\/ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-009-0145-y"},{"key":"rg33\/ref33","unstructured":"Smith, J.E. 1990. Preparation of vitamin A-deficient rats and mice.InRetinoids part B: cell differentiation and clinical application. Methods in enzymology. Vol.\u00a0190.Edited byT. Kealy and L. Parker. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. pp.\u00a0229\u2013236."},{"key":"rg34\/ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01831.x"},{"key":"rg35\/ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(97)00007-X","volume":"1335","author":"Woodall A.A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1139\/Y10-074","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1139\/Y10-074","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T06:56:26Z","timestamp":1636700186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/10.1139\/Y10-074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1139\/Y10-074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/y10-074","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4212","1205-7541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4212","type":"print"},{"value":"1205-7541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}}}