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The results indicated that refined carbohydrates, saturated and total fat, high levels of \u03c9-6 fatty acids, and low levels of \u03c9-3 fatty acids and other long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), all in conjunction with sedentary behaviour and mental stress can predispose to inflammation. Increased sympathetic activity, with increased secretion of catecholamine, cortisol, and serotonin can cause oxidative stress, which may damage the arcuate nucleus as well as the hypothalamus and macrophages, and the liver may release pro-inflammatory cytokines. These, in conjunction with an underlying deficiency in long chain PUFA, may damage the arcuate nucleus as well as neuropeptide-Y and pro-opiomelanocortin neurons and insulin receptors in the brain, especially during fetal life, infancy, and childhood, resulting in their dysfunction. Of the fatty acids in the brain, 30%\u201350% are long chain PUFA, which are incorporated in the cell membrane phospholipids. Hence, \u03c9-3 fatty acids, which are also known to enhance parasympathetic activity and increase the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 as well as acetylcholine in the hippocampus, may be protective. Therefore, treatment with \u03c9-3 fatty acids may be applied for the prevention of metabolic syndrome. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/y2012-122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,24]],"date-time":"2012-08-24T13:29:05Z","timestamp":1345814945000},"page":"1171-1183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Metabolic syndrome: a brain disease"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Ram B.","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The TsimTsoum Institute, Golebia street, Krakow, Silesia 40-126, Poland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The TsimTsoum Institute, Golebia street, Krakow, Silesia 40-126, Poland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parinita","family":"Dherange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The TsimTsoum Institute, Golebia street, Krakow, Silesia 40-126, Poland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"De Meester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The TsimTsoum Institute, Golebia street, Krakow, Silesia 40-126, Poland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wilczynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The TsimTsoum Institute, Golebia street, Krakow, Silesia 40-126, Poland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaan E.","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi 190095, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interna Klinika FNSP, 3rd Department of Medicine, P.J. 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