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A total of 593 grafted chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) were analysed with 10 SSRs: 292 from Portugal and 301 from Spain. Some of the trees studied were more than 300\u00a0years old. Accessions were analysed using a model-based Bayesian procedure to assess the geographical structure and to assign individuals to reconstructed populations based on the SSR genotypes. We found 356 different genotypes with a mean value of clonality of 33% owing to grafting. Mutations accounted for 6%, with hybridization being the main diversification process that can explain the great diversity found. Ten main cultivar groups were detected: four in northern Spain, five in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and one in southern Spain related to the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. This work demonstrated that cultivar origin and the diversification process was a combination of clonal propagation of selected seedlings, hybridization, and mutations, which allowed high levels of diversity to be maintained with respect to selected clones for fruit production. Furthermore, seedlings and graft sticks facilitated the transport to new destinations in the colonization process, transporting sometimes more than 3000\u00a0km if we consider the Azores and the Canary Islands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/g10-122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,4]],"date-time":"2011-04-04T21:58:49Z","timestamp":1301954329000},"page":"301-315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Chestnut cultivar diversification process in the Iberian Peninsula, Canary Islands, and Azores"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Santiago","family":"Pereira-Lorenzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain."}]},{"given":"Rita Maria Louren\u00e7o","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos, I.P. Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. da Rep\u00fablica 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Ramos-Cabrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain."}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ciordia-Ara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio Regional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Consejer\u00eda de Medio Rural y Pesca, Principado de Asturias. Apt. 13. 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain."}]},{"given":"Carla Alexandra Marques","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos, I.P. 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