{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T22:22:42Z","timestamp":1757542962982},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The large volume of training performed by elite athletes throughout the season can translate into a chronic oxidative insult. To study the effects that chronically high training loads have on athletes\u2019 redox status, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and creatine kinase activities; total antioxidant status (TAS); and uric acid, retinol, \u03b1-tocopherol, \u03b1-carotene, \u03b2-carotene, lycopene, lutein\u00a0+ zeaxanthin, vitamin C, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), interleukin-6, and cortisol levels were determined in 9 kayakers (6 men) in a competitive period during the first season (June, T1), and in precompetitive (March, T2) and competitive (June, T3) periods during the following season. TAS decreased from the first to the second season (T1 vs. T2, p\u00a0&lt; 0.001; T1 vs. T3, p\u00a0&lt; 0.001). TBARS (p = 0.024) decreased from T1 to T2. The \u03b1-tocopherol increase (p = 0.001) from T1 to T2 lost statistical significance after adjustment for total lipids (p = 0.243). GPx (p = 0.003) increased, while SOD (p\u00a0&lt; 0.001) and uric acid (p = 0.032) decreased from T2 to T3. Cortisol levels decreased significantly throughout the study (T1 vs. T2, p = 0.042; T2 vs. T3, p\u00a0= 0.018; T1 vs. T3, p = 0.002). No significant differences were observed for any of the other parameters studied. Antioxidant status changed more within the same season than from one season to another. Redox markers should be monitored throughout the season to detect athletes at an increased oxidative risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1139\/h09-062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,18]],"date-time":"2009-09-18T15:57:04Z","timestamp":1253289424000},"page":"716-724","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and damage in elite kayakers after 1\u00a0year of training and competition in 2 seasons"],"prefix":"10.1139","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Vitor","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"REQUIMTE, Bromatology Service, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology\u00a0\u2013 IBMC, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"REQUIMTE, Bromatology Service, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology\u00a0\u2013 IBMC, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Casal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"REQUIMTE, Bromatology Service, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology\u00a0\u2013 IBMC, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"REQUIMTE, Bromatology Service, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology\u00a0\u2013 IBMC, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Franklim","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"REQUIMTE, Bromatology Service, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology\u00a0\u2013 IBMC, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"REQUIMTE, Bromatology Service, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology\u00a0\u2013 IBMC, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]}],"member":"155","reference":[{"key":"rg1\/ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.07.034"},{"key":"rg2\/ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009"},{"key":"rg3\/ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00089-1"},{"key":"rg4\/ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0960381","volume":"96","author":"Brites F.D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. 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