{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:45:59Z","timestamp":1780404359883,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001821","name":"Vienna Science and Technology Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VRG16-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRG16-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Data Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the temporal dynamics of affect is crucial for our understanding human emotions in general. In this study, we empirically test a computational model of affective dynamics by analyzing a large-scale dataset of Facebook status updates using text analysis techniques. Our analyses support the central assumptions of our model: After stimulation, affective states, quantified as valence and arousal, exponentially return to an individual-specific baseline. On average, this baseline is at a slightly positive valence value and at a moderate arousal point below the midpoint. Furthermore, affective expression, in this case posting a status update on Facebook, immediately pushes arousal and valence towards the baseline by a proportional value. These results are robust to the choice of the text analysis technique and illustrate the fast timescale of affective dynamics through social media text. These outcomes are of high relevance for affective computing, the detection and modeling of collective emotions, the refinement of psychological research methodology, and the detection of abnormal, and potentially pathological, individual affect dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-019-0219-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T16:02:27Z","timestamp":1578585747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The individual dynamics of affective expression on social media"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Pellert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8679-0052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Schweighofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"219_CR1","volume-title":"The emotions","author":"NH Frijda","year":"1986","unstructured":"Frijda NH (1986) The emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"4","key":"219_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/026999300402745","volume":"14","author":"N Schwarz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schwarz N (2000) Emotion, cognition, and decision making. Cogn Emot 14(4):433\u2013440","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"issue":"2","key":"219_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868307301033","volume":"11","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Nathan DeWall C, Zhang L (2007) How emotion shapes behavior: feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personal Soc Psychol Rev 11(2):167\u2013203","journal-title":"Personal Soc Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21243-x","volume":"8","author":"GY Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim GY, Tam WW, Lu Y, Ho CS, Zhang MW, Ho RC (2018) Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Sci Rep 8(1):2861","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"219_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025046","volume":"12","author":"P Kuppens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuppens P, Sheeber LB, Yap MB, Whittle S, Simmons JG, Allen NB (2012) Emotional inertia prospectively predicts the onset of depressive disorder in adolescence. Emotion 12(2):283","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"6","key":"219_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033579","volume":"13","author":"P Koval","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koval P, Pe ML, Meers K, Kuppens P (2013) Affect dynamics in relation to depressive symptoms: variable, unstable or inert? Emotion 13(6):1132","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073908097189","volume":"1","author":"B Rim\u00e9","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rim\u00e9 B (2009) Emotion elicits the social sharing of emotion: theory and empirical review. Emot Rev 1(1):60\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1754073908097189","journal-title":"Emot Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"219_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073913484170","volume":"5","author":"C von Scheve","year":"2013","unstructured":"von Scheve C, Ismer S (2013) Towards a theory of collective emotions. Emot Rev 5(4):406\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1754073913484170","journal-title":"Emot Rev"},{"key":"219_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goldenberg A, Garcia D, Halperin E, Gross J (2020) Collective emotions. Curr Dir Psychol Sci (Accepted). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/bc7e6","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/bc7e6"},{"issue":"6","key":"219_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020962","volume":"99","author":"P Kuppens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuppens P, Oravecz Z, Tuerlinckx F (2010) Feelings change: accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect. J Pers Soc Psychol 99(6):1042\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0020962","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"219_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2010-00292-1","volume":"77","author":"F Schweitzer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schweitzer F, Garcia D (2010) An agent-based model of collective emotions in online communities. Eur Phys J B 77(4):533\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjb\/e2010-00292-1","journal-title":"Eur Phys J B"},{"issue":"8","key":"219_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160059","volume":"3","author":"D Garcia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garcia D, Kappas A, K\u00fcster D, Schweitzer F (2016) The dynamics of emotions in online interaction. R Soc Open Sci 3(8):160059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.160059","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015321","volume":"66","author":"SD Gosling","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gosling SD, Mason W (2015) Internet research in psychology. Annu Rev Psychol 66(1):877\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015321","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"219_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611413294","volume":"22","author":"J Berger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berger J (2011) Arousal increases social transmission of information. Psychol Sci 22(7):891\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797611413294","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"219_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142390","volume":"10","author":"E Ferrara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferrara E, Yang Z (2015) Measuring emotional contagion in social media. PLoS ONE 10(11):0142390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0142390","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"219_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0490-5","author":"R Fan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fan R, Varol O, Varamesh A, Barron A, van de Leemput IA, Scheffer M, Bollen J (2018) The minute-scale dynamics of online emotions reveal the effects of affect labeling. Nat Hum Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-018-0490-5","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-017-0100-1","volume":"6","author":"J Bollen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bollen J, Gon\u00e7alves B, van de Leemput I, Ruan G (2017) The happiness paradox: your friends are happier than you. EPJ Data Sci 6(1):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-017-0100-1","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"key":"219_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01452","volume":"6","author":"K Niven","year":"2015","unstructured":"Niven K, Garcia D, van der L\u00f6we I, Holman D, Mansell W (2015) Becoming popular: interpersonal emotion regulation predicts relationship formation in real life social networks. Front Psychol 6:1452","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"6051","key":"219_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202775","volume":"333","author":"SA Golder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Golder SA, Macy MW (2011) Diurnal and seasonal mood vary with work, sleep, and daylength across diverse cultures. Science 333(6051):1878\u20131881","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"219_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0521-2","volume":"3","author":"S Zheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng S, Wang J, Sun C, Zhang X, Kahn ME (2019) Air pollution lowers Chinese urbanites\u2019 expressed happiness on social media. Nat Hum Behav 3(3):237\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-018-0521-2","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"219_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619831964","volume":"30","author":"D Garcia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garcia D, Rim\u00e9 B (2019) Collective emotions and social resilience in the digital traces after a terrorist attack. Psychol Sci 30(4):617\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797619831964","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"219_CR22","volume-title":"Formal theories of mass behaviour","author":"WN McPhee","year":"1963","unstructured":"McPhee WN (1963) Formal theories of mass behaviour"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"219_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(79)90012-2","volume":"32","author":"DL Sackett","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sackett DL (1979) Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis 32(1\u20132):51\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9681(79)90012-2","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"219_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2786451.2786473","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM web science conference on ZZZ\u2014WebSci\u201915","author":"A Beasley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beasley A, Mason W (2015) Emotional states vs. emotional words in social media. In: Proceedings of the ACM web science conference on ZZZ\u2014WebSci\u201915. ACM, Oxford, pp\u00a01\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2786451.2786473"},{"issue":"5","key":"219_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721418769898","volume":"27","author":"M Vlasceanu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vlasceanu M, Enz K, Coman A (2018) Cognition in a social context: a social-interactionist approach to emergent phenomena. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 27(5):369\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721418769898","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"219_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610372634","volume":"21","author":"P Kuppens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuppens P, Allen NB, Sheeber LB (2010) Emotional inertia and psychological maladjustment. Psychol Sci 21(7):984\u2013991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797610372634","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.1.145","volume":"110","author":"JA Russell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Russell JA (2003) Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychol Rev 110(1):145","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"219_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.5.3.187","volume":"5","author":"E Kennedy-Moore","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kennedy-Moore E, Watson JC (2001) How and when does emotional expression help? Rev Gen Psychol 5(3):187\u2013212","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"key":"219_CR29","series-title":"Springer series in synergetics.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05389-8","volume-title":"Handbook of stochastic methods for physics, chemistry, and the natural sciences","author":"CW Gardiner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gardiner CW (2004) Handbook of stochastic methods for physics, chemistry, and the natural sciences, 3rd edn. Springer series in synergetics. Springer, Berlin","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.1.145","volume":"110","author":"JA Russell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Russell JA (2003) Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychol Rev 110(1):145\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.110.1.145","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"219_CR31","volume-title":"Affective norms for English words (ANEW): instruction manual and affective ratings","author":"MM Bradley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bradley MM, Lang PJ (1999) Affective norms for English words (ANEW): instruction manual and affective ratings"},{"key":"219_CR32","volume-title":"The measurement of meaning","author":"CE Osgood","year":"1957","unstructured":"Osgood CE, Suci GJ, Tannenbaum PH (1957) The measurement of meaning. University of Illinois Press, Champaign"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-015-0042-4","volume":"4","author":"R Alvarez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alvarez R, Garcia D, Moreno Y, Schweitzer F (2015) Sentiment cascades in the 15m movement. EPJ Data Sci 4(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-015-0042-4","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18262-5","volume":"7","author":"IB Wood","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wood IB, Varela PL, Bollen J, Rocha LM, Gon\u00e7alves-S\u00e1 J (2017) Human sexual cycles are driven by culture and match collective moods. Sci Rep 7(1):17973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-18262-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"219_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-009-9150-9","volume":"11","author":"PS Dodds","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dodds PS, Danforth CM (2010) Measuring the happiness of large-scale written expression: songs, blogs, and presidents. J Happ Stud 11(4):441\u2013456","journal-title":"J Happ Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"219_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0314-x","volume":"45","author":"AB Warriner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Warriner AB, Kuperman V, Brysbaert M (2013) Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas. Behav Res Methods 45(4):1191\u20131207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-012-0314-x","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"219_CR37","volume-title":"Obtaining reliable human ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance for 20,000 English words","author":"S Mohammad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohammad S (2018) Obtaining reliable human ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance for 20,000 English words. Association for Computational Linguistics, Melbourne. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/P18-1017"},{"key":"219_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-016-0085-1","volume":"5","author":"FN Ribeiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ribeiro FN, Ara\u00fajo M, Gon\u00e7alves P, Andr\u00e9 Gon\u00e7alves M, Benevenuto F (2016) SentiBench\u2014a benchmark comparison of state-of-the-practice sentiment analysis methods. EPJ Data Sci 523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-016-0085-1","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-017-0121-9","volume":"6","author":"AJ Reagan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reagan AJ, Danforth CM, Tivnan B, Williams JR, Dodds PS (2017) Sentiment analysis methods for understanding large-scale texts: a case for using continuum-scored words and word shift graphs. EPJ Data Sci 6(1):28","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"key":"219_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-0404","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th workshop on computational approaches to subjectivity, sentiment and social media analysis","author":"D Preo\u0163iuc-Pietro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Preo\u0163iuc-Pietro D, Schwartz HA, Park G, Eichstaedt J, Kern M, Ungar L, Shulman E (2016) Modelling valence and arousal in Facebook posts. In: Proceedings of the 7th workshop on computational approaches to subjectivity, sentiment and social media analysis, pp\u00a09\u201315"},{"key":"219_CR41","unstructured":"Hutto CJ, Gilbert E (2014) Vader: a parsimonious rule-based model for sentiment analysis of social media text. In: ICWSM\u201914"},{"issue":"6","key":"219_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039210","volume":"70","author":"M Kosinski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kosinski M, Matz SC, Gosling SD, Popov V, Stillwell D (2015) Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines. Am Psychol 70(6):543\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0039210","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"219_CR43","volume-title":"Seventh international AAAI conference on weblogs and social media","author":"F Celli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Celli F, Pianesi F, Stillwell D, Kosinski M (2013) Workshop on computational personality recognition: shared task. In: Seventh international AAAI conference on weblogs and social media"},{"issue":"7","key":"219_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131151","volume":"10","author":"DM Greenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greenberg DM, Baron-Cohen S, Stillwell DJ, Kosinski M, Rentfrow PJ (2015) Musical preferences are linked to cognitive styles. PLoS ONE 10(7):0131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0131151","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"219_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617711228","volume":"9","author":"DB Yaden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yaden DB, Eichstaedt JC, Kern ML, Smith LK, Buffone A, Stillwell DJ, Kosinski M, Ungar LH, Seligman MEP, Schwartz HA (2018) The language of religious affiliation: social, emotional, and cognitive differences. Soc Psychol Pers Sci 9(4):444\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550617711228","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Pers Sci"},{"key":"219_CR46","unstructured":"Social Media Use 2018: Demographics and Statistics\u2014Pew Research Center (2018). https:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2018\/03\/01\/social-media-use-in-2018\/"},{"issue":"6213","key":"219_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1126\/science.346.6213.1063","volume":"346","author":"D Ruths","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ruths D, Pfeffer J (2014) Social media for large studies of behavior. Science 346(6213):1063\u20131064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.346.6213.1063","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"45","key":"219_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11420","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720433115","volume":"115","author":"MD Gurven","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gurven MD (2018) Broadening horizons: sample diversity and socioecological theory are essential to the future of psychological science. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(45):11420\u201311427","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"219_CR49","volume-title":"Eighth international AAAI conference on weblogs and social media","author":"Z Tufekci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tufekci Z (2014) Big questions for social media big data: representativeness, validity and other methodological pitfalls. In: Eighth international AAAI conference on weblogs and social media. https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/ICWSM\/ICWSM14\/paper\/view\/8062. Accessed 2019-11-15"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.82","volume":"7","author":"D Garcia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garcia D, Abisheva A, Schweighofer S, Serd\u00fclt U, Schweitzer F (2015) Ideological and temporal components of network polarization in online political participatory media: ideological and temporal components of network. Policy & Internet 7(1):46\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/poi3.82","journal-title":"Policy & Internet"},{"key":"219_CR51","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019","unstructured":"R Core Team (2019) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(69)80002-2","volume":"8","author":"J Boucher","year":"1969","unstructured":"Boucher J, Osgood CE (1969) The pollyanna hypothesis. J Verbal Learn Verbal Behav 8(1):1\u20138","journal-title":"J Verbal Learn Verbal Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds3","volume":"1","author":"D Garcia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garcia D, Garas A, Schweitzer F (2012) Positive words carry less information than negative words. EPJ Data Sci 1(1):3","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"219_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029484","volume":"7","author":"IM Kloumann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kloumann IM, Danforth CM, Harris KD, Bliss CA, Dodds PS (2012) Positivity of the English language. PLoS ONE 7(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0029484","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"219_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550611399154","volume":"2","author":"AA Augustine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Augustine AA, Mehl MR, Larsen RJ (2011) A positivity bias in written and spoken English and its moderation by personality and gender. Soc Psychol Pers Sci 2(5):508\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550611399154","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Pers Sci"},{"key":"219_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0555-0","author":"E Dejonckheere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dejonckheere E, Mestdagh M, Houben M, Rutten I, Sels L, Kuppens P, Tuerlinckx F (2019) Complex affect dynamics add limited information to the prediction of psychological well-being. Nat Hum Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-019-0555-0","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"219_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1140.001.0001","volume-title":"Affective computing","author":"RW Picard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Picard RW (2000) Affective computing. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"219_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31567-1_6","volume-title":"International conference on articulated motion and deformable objects","author":"S Gobron","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gobron S, Ahn J, Garcia D, Silvestre Q, Thalmann D, Boulic R (2012) An event-based architecture to manage virtual human non-verbal communication in 3d chatting environment. In: International conference on articulated motion and deformable objects. Springer, Berlin, pp\u00a058\u201368"},{"key":"219_CR59","volume-title":"Twenty-fourth international FLAIRS conference","author":"M Skowron","year":"2011","unstructured":"Skowron M, Pirker H, Rank S, Paltoglou G, Ahn J, Gobron S (2011) No peanuts! Affective cues for the virtual bartender. In: Twenty-fourth international FLAIRS conference"}],"container-title":["EPJ Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-019-0219-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-019-0219-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-019-0219-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T01:51:22Z","timestamp":1610070682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epjdatascience.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-019-0219-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-019-0219-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-1127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-1127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 July 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1"}}