{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:13:56Z","timestamp":1785420836418,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"MassMutual Life Insurance Company","award":["MassMutual Center of Excellence in Complex Systems & Data Science"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MassMutual Center of Excellence in Complex Systems & Data Science"]}]},{"name":"MassMutual Life Insurance Company","award":["MassMutual Center of Excellence in Complex Systems & Data Science"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MassMutual Center of Excellence in Complex Systems & Data Science"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006785","name":"Google","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Open-Source Complex Ecosystems and Networks (OCEAN)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open-Source Complex Ecosystems and Networks (OCEAN)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006785","name":"Google","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Open-Source Complex Ecosystems and Networks (OCEAN)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open-Source Complex Ecosystems and Networks (OCEAN)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Data Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A common task in computational text analyses is to quantify how two corpora differ according to a measurement like word frequency, sentiment, or information content. However, collapsing the texts\u2019 rich stories into a single number is often conceptually perilous, and it is difficult to confidently interpret interesting or unexpected textual patterns without looming concerns about data artifacts or measurement validity. To better capture fine-grained differences between texts, we introduce generalized word shift graphs, visualizations which yield a meaningful and interpretable summary of how individual words contribute to the variation between two texts for any measure that can be formulated as a weighted average. We show that this framework naturally encompasses many of the most commonly used approaches for comparing texts, including relative frequencies, dictionary scores, and entropy-based measures like the Kullback\u2013Leibler and Jensen\u2013Shannon divergences. Through a diverse set of case studies ranging from presidential speeches to tweets posted in urban green spaces, we demonstrate how generalized word shift graphs can be flexibly applied across domains for diagnostic investigation, hypothesis generation, and substantive interpretation. By providing a detailed lens into textual shifts between corpora, generalized word shift graphs help computational social scientists, digital humanists, and other text analysis practitioners fashion more robust scientific narratives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00260-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T19:03:03Z","timestamp":1611082983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Generalized word shift graphs: a method for visualizing and explaining pairwise comparisons between texts"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3040-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan R.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Reagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Danforth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Sheridan","family":"Dodds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5915","key":"260_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167742","volume":"323","author":"D Lazer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lazer D, Pentland A, Adamic L, Aral S, Barab\u00e1si A-L, Brewer D, Christakis N, Contractor N, Fowler J, Gutmann M et al. (2009) Computational social science. Science 323(5915):721\u2013723","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"260_CR2","volume-title":"Bit by bit: social research in the digital age","author":"MJ Salganik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salganik MJ (2019) Bit by bit: social research in the digital age. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"issue":"3","key":"260_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mps028","volume":"21","author":"J Grimmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grimmer J, Stewart BM (2013) Text as data: the promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts. Polit Anal 21(3):267\u2013297","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"issue":"12","key":"260_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026752","volume":"6","author":"PS Dodds","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dodds PS, Harris KD, Kloumann IM, Bliss CA, Danforth CM (2011) Temporal patterns of happiness and information in a global social network: hedonometrics and Twitter. PLoS ONE 6(12):26752","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"260_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064417","volume":"8","author":"L Mitchell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mitchell L, Frank MR, Harris KD, Dodds PS, Danforth CM (2013) The geography of happiness: connecting Twitter sentiment and expression, demographics, and objective characteristics of place. PLoS ONE 8(5):64417","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"260_CR6","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on the world wide web (WWW)","author":"C Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil C, West R, Jurafsky D, Leskovec J, Potts C (2013) No country for old members: user lifecycle and linguistic change in online communities. In: Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on the world wide web (WWW). ACM, New York, pp\u00a0307\u2013318"},{"issue":"49","key":"260_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803470115","volume":"115","author":"M Stella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stella M, Ferrara E, De Domenico M (2018) Bots increase exposure to negative and inflammatory content in online social systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115(49):12435\u201312440","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"18","key":"260_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717729115","volume":"115","author":"AT Barron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barron AT, Huang J, Spang RL, DeDeo S (2018) Individuals, institutions, and innovation in the debates of the French Revolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115(18):4607\u20134612","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"260_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00313","volume":"2","author":"AM Petersen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petersen AM, Tenenbaum J, Havlin S, Stanley HE (2012) Statistical laws governing fluctuations in word use from word birth to word death. Sci Rep 2:313","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"260_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2017.04.020","volume":"21","author":"EA Pechenick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pechenick EA, Danforth CM, Dodds PS (2017) Is language evolution grinding to a halt? The scaling of lexical turbulence in English fiction suggests it is not. J Comput Sci 21:24\u201337","journal-title":"J Comput Sci"},{"key":"260_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sims M, Bamman D (2020) Measuring information propagation in literary social networks. arXiv:2004.13980","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.47"},{"issue":"11","key":"260_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170952","volume":"4","author":"A Kolchinsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kolchinsky A, Dhande N, Park K, Ahn Y-Y (2017) The minor fall, the major lift: inferring emotional valence of musical chords through lyrics. R Soc Open Sci 4(11):170952","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/ahr\/123.1.132","volume":"123","author":"K Funk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Funk K, Mullen LA (2018) The spine of American law: digital text analysis and us legal practice. Am Hist Rev 123(1):132\u2013164","journal-title":"Am Hist Rev"},{"issue":"25","key":"260_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6521","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702413114","volume":"114","author":"R Voigt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Voigt R, Camp NP, Prabhakaran V, Hamilton WL, Hetey RC, Griffiths CM, Jurgens D, Jurafsky D, Eberhardt JL (2017) Language from police body camera footage shows racial disparities in officer respect. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114(25):6521\u20136526","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168893","volume":"12","author":"SE Alajajian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alajajian SE, Williams JR, Reagan AJ, Alajajian SC, Frank MR, Mitchell L, Lahne J, Danforth CM, Dodds PS (2017) The lexicocalorimeter: gauging public health through caloric input and output on social media. PLoS ONE 12(2):0168893","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"260_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137041","volume":"10","author":"EA Pechenick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pechenick EA, Danforth CM, Dodds PS (2015) Characterizing the Google Books corpus: strong limits to inferences of socio-cultural and linguistic evolution. PLoS ONE 10(10):0137041","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"260_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195644","volume":"13","author":"RJ Gallagher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gallagher RJ, Reagan AJ, Danforth CM, Dodds PS (2018) Divergent discourse between protests and counter-protests: #BlackLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter. PLoS ONE 13(4):0195644","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"260_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-009-9150-9","volume":"11","author":"PS Dodds","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dodds PS, Danforth CM (2009) Measuring the happiness of large-scale written expression: songs, blogs, and presidents. J Happ Stud 11(4):441\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-009-9150-9","journal-title":"J Happ Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-016-0093-1","volume":"5","author":"AJ Reagan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reagan AJ, Mitchell L, Kiley D, Danforth CM, Dodds PS (2016) The emotional arcs of stories are dominated by six basic shapes. EPJ Data Sci 5(1):31","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"260_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195750","volume":"13","author":"P Baylis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baylis P, Obradovich N, Kryvasheyeu Y, Chen H, Coviello L, Moro E, Cebrian M, Fowler JH (2018) Weather impacts expressed sentiment. PLoS ONE 13(4):0195750","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124118769114","volume":"50","author":"LK Nelson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nelson LK, Burk D, Knudsen M, McCall L (2021) The future of coding: a comparison of hand-coding and three types of computer-assisted text analysis methods. Sociol Methods Res 50(1):202\u2013237","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2018.1517843","volume":"36","author":"A Muddiman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muddiman A, McGregor SC, Stroud NJ (2019) (Re) claiming our expertise: parsing large text corpora with manually validated and organic dictionaries. Polit Commun 36(2):214\u2013226","journal-title":"Polit Commun"},{"issue":"28","key":"260_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618923114","volume":"114","author":"WJ Brady","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brady WJ, Wills JA, Jost JT, Tucker JA, Van Bavel JJ (2017) Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114(28):7313\u20137318","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"260_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208610","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"S Sood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sood S, Antin J, Churchill E (2012) Profanity use in online communities. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp\u00a01481\u20131490"},{"key":"260_CR25","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fifth international workshop on natural language processing for social media","author":"A Schmidt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmidt A, Wiegand M (2017) A survey on hate speech detection using natural language processing. In: Proceedings of the fifth international workshop on natural language processing for social media, pp\u00a01\u201310"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.2010.01625.x","volume":"66","author":"T Loughran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loughran T, McDonald B (2011) When is a liability not a liability? Textual analysis, dictionaries, and 10-Ks. J Finance 66(1):35\u201365","journal-title":"J Finance"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2020.8","volume":"29","author":"P Barber\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barber\u00e1 P, Boydstun AE, Linn S, McMahon R, Nagler J (2021) Automated text classification of news articles: a practical guide. Polit Anal 29(1):19\u201342","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"260_CR28","volume-title":"Human behavior and the principle of least effort","author":"GK Zipf","year":"1949","unstructured":"Zipf GK (1949) Human behavior and the principle of least effort. Addison-Wesley, Reading"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"260_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/2333389","volume":"42","author":"HA Simon","year":"1955","unstructured":"Simon HA (1955) On a class of skew distribution functions. Biometrika 42(3\/4):425\u2013440","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"6","key":"260_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611408735","volume":"22","author":"CL Pury","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pury CL (2011) Automation can lead to confounds in text analysis: Back, K\u00fcfner, and Egloff (2010) and the not-so-angry Americans. Psychol Sci 22(6):835","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR31","first-page":"49","volume":"2","author":"BM Schmidt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmidt BM (2012) Words alone: dismantling topic models in the humanities. J Dig Humanit 2(1):49\u201365","journal-title":"J Dig Humanit"},{"key":"260_CR32","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AMTA workshop on collaborative crowdsourcing for translation","author":"R Munro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Munro R (2010) Crowdsourced translation for emergency response in Haiti: the global collaboration of local knowledge. In: Proceedings of the AMTA workshop on collaborative crowdsourcing for translation, pp\u00a01\u20134"},{"key":"260_CR33","unstructured":"Schwaiger JM, Lang M, Ritter C, Johannsen F (2016) Assessing the accuracy of sentiment analysis of social media posts at small and medium-sized enterprises in Southern Germany"},{"issue":"4","key":"260_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/0075424207307780","volume":"35","author":"M Bucholtz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bucholtz M, Bermudez N, Fung V, Edwards L, Vargas R (2007) Hella nor cal or totally so cal? The perceptual dialectology of California. J Eng Linguist 35(4):325\u2013352","journal-title":"J Eng Linguist"},{"key":"260_CR35","first-page":"595","volume-title":"Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP)","author":"WL Hamilton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hamilton WL, Clark K, Leskovec J, Jurafsky D (2016) Inducing domain-specific sentiment lexicons from unlabeled corpora. In: Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), vol\u00a02016, p\u00a0595"},{"key":"260_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1145\/2513549.2513559","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 international workshop on mining unstructured big data using natural language processing","author":"E Baucom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baucom E, Sanjari A, Liu X, Chen M (2013) Mirroring the real world in social media: Twitter, geolocation, and sentiment analysis. In: Proceedings of the 2013 international workshop on mining unstructured big data using natural language processing. ACM, New York, pp\u00a061\u201368"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-017-0121-9","volume":"6","author":"AJ Reagan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reagan AJ, Danforth CM, Tivnan B, Williams JR, Dodds PS (2017) Sentiment analysis methods for understanding large-scale texts: a case for using continuum-scored words and word shift graphs. EPJ Data Sci 6(1):28","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"260_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27(3):379\u2013423","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR39","first-page":"30","volume":"3","author":"J Havrda","year":"1967","unstructured":"Havrda J, Charv\u00e1t F (1967) Quantification method of classification processes: concept of structural a-entropy. Kybernetika 3(1):30\u201335","journal-title":"Kybernetika"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0030-1299.14714.x","volume":"113","author":"L Jost","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jost L (2006) Entropy and diversity. Oikos 113(2):363\u2013375","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2307\/1934352","volume":"54","author":"MO Hill","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hill MO (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54(2):427\u2013432","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/aa53f5","volume":"2017","author":"EG Altmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Altmann EG, Dias L, Gerlach M (2017) Generalized entropies and the similarity of texts. J Stat Mech Theory Exp 2017(1):014002","journal-title":"J Stat Mech Theory Exp"},{"key":"260_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1776367","author":"M Steiner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steiner M, Magin M, Stark B, Gei\u00dfS (2020) Seek and you shall find? A content analysis on the diversity of five search engines\u2019 results on political queries. Inf Commun Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1776367","journal-title":"Inf Commun Soc"},{"key":"260_CR44","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 56th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL)","author":"S Mohammad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohammad S (2018) Obtaining reliable human ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance for 20,000 English words. In: Proceedings of the 56th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL), vol\u00a01, pp\u00a0174\u2013184"},{"key":"260_CR45","volume-title":"Proceedings of theition of the language resources and evaluation conference (LREC-2018)","author":"SM Mohammad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohammad SM (2018) Word affect intensities. In: Proceedings of theition of the language resources and evaluation conference (LREC-2018)"},{"issue":"8","key":"260_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411678112","volume":"112","author":"PS Dodds","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dodds PS, Clark EM, Desu S, Frank MR, Reagan AJ, Williams JR, Mitchell L, Harris KD, Kloumann IM, Bagrow JP, Megerdoomian K, McMahon MT, Tivnan BF, Danforth CM (2015) Human language reveals a universal positivity bias. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112(8):2389\u20132394","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2017.44","volume":"26","author":"MJ Denny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Denny MJ, Spirling A (2018) Text preprocessing for unsupervised learning: why it matters, when it misleads, and what to do about it. Polit Anal 26(2):168\u2013189","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"260_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10045","volume":"1","author":"AJ Schwartz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwartz AJ, Dodds PS, O\u2019Neil-Dunne JP, Danforth CM, Ricketts TH (2019) Visitors to urban greenspace have higher sentiment and lower negativity on Twitter. People Nat 1(4):476\u2013485","journal-title":"People Nat"},{"key":"260_CR49","unstructured":"Ihara I (2017) Our discovery of cramming. Twitter Developer Blog. https:\/\/blog.twitter.com\/engineering\/en_us\/topics\/insights\/2017\/Our-Discovery-of-Cramming.html"},{"key":"260_CR50","volume-title":"2013 AAAI spring symposium series","author":"G Neubig","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neubig G, Duh K (2013) How much is said in a tweet? A multilingual, information-theoretic perspective. In: 2013 AAAI spring symposium series"},{"key":"260_CR51","unstructured":"Rosen A (2017) Tweeting made easier. Twitter Developer Blog. https:\/\/blog.twitter.com\/official\/en_us\/topics\/product\/2017\/tweetingmadeeasier.html"},{"key":"260_CR52","unstructured":"Mitchell L, Dent J, Ross JV (2018) Mo\u2019 characters mo\u2019 problems: online social media platform constraints and modes of communication. AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research"},{"key":"260_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsby MW, Hobijn B, Sahin A (2010) The labor market in the Great Recession. Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research","DOI":"10.3386\/w15979"},{"issue":"11","key":"260_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.08.009","volume":"30","author":"TH Oliver","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oliver TH, Heard MS, Isaac NJ, Roy DB, Procter D, Eigenbrod F, Freckleton R, Hector A, Orme CDL, Petchey OL et al. (2015) Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions. Trends Ecol Evol 30(11):673\u2013684","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"139","key":"260_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0946","volume":"15","author":"MR Frank","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frank MR, Sun L, Cebrian M, Youn H, Rahwan I (2018) Small cities face greater impact from automation. J R Soc Interface 15(139):20170946","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"260_CR56","unstructured":"Dodds PS, Minot JR, Arnold MV, Alshaabi T, Adams JL, Dewhurst DR, Gray TJ, Frank MR, Reagan AJ, Danforth CM (2020) Allotaxonometry and rank-turbulence divergence: a universal instrument for comparing complex systems. arXiv:2002.09770"},{"key":"260_CR57","unstructured":"Schwartz AJ, Dodds PS, O\u2019Neil-Dunne JPM, Ricketts TH, Danforth CM (2020) Gauging the happiness benefit of US urban parks through Twitter. arXiv:2006.10658"}],"container-title":["EPJ Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00260-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00260-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00260-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T06:52:28Z","timestamp":1670827948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epjdatascience.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00260-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00260-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-1127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-1127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4"}}