{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:34:04Z","timestamp":1785198844997,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNICEF MALAWI"},{"name":"Lagrange Project - CRT Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Data Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measuring close proximity interactions between individuals can provide key information on social contacts in human communities and related behaviours. This is even more essential in rural settings in low- and middle-income countries where there is a need to understand contact patterns for the implementation of strategies for social protection interventions. We report the quantitative assessment of contact patterns in a village in rural Malawi, based on proximity sensors technology that allows for high-resolution measurements of social contacts. Our results revealed that the community structure of the village was highly correlated with the household membership of the individuals, thus confirming the importance of the family ties within the village. Social contacts within households occurred mainly between adults and children, and adults and adolescents and most of the inter-household social relationships occurred among adults and among adolescents. At the individual level, age and gender social assortment were observed in the inter-household network, and age disassortativity was instead observed in intra-household networks. Moreover, we obtained a clear trend of the daily contact activity of the village. Family members congregated in the early morning, during lunch time and dinner time. In contrast, inter-household contact activity displayed a growth from the morning, reaching a maximum in the afternoon.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The proximity sensors technology used in this study provided high resolution temporal data characterized by timescales comparable with those intrinsic to social dynamics and it thus allowed to have access to the level of information needed to understand the social context of the village.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00302-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T08:03:03Z","timestamp":1631088183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Using wearable proximity sensors to characterize social contact patterns in a village of rural Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ozella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Paolotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Lichand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge P.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Haenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Phuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onicio B.","family":"Leal-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciro","family":"Cattuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6144","key":"302_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1236498","volume":"341","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banerjee A, Chandrasekhar AG, Duflo E, Jackson MO (2013) The diffusion of microfinance. Science 341(6144):1236498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1236498","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"302_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","volume":"2008","author":"VD Blondel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blondel VD, Guillaume JL, Lambiotte R, Lefebvre E (2008) Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J Stat Mech Theory Exp 2008(10):P10008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","journal-title":"J Stat Mech Theory Exp"},{"issue":"5916","key":"302_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165821","volume":"323","author":"SP Borgatti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Borgatti SP, Mehra A, Brass DJ, Labianca G (2009) Network analysis in the social sciences. Science 323(5916):892\u2013895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1165821","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"302_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01674.x","volume":"83","author":"RH Bradley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bradley RH, Putnick DL (2012) Housing quality and access to material and learning resources within the home environment in developing countries. Child Dev 83(1):76\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01674.x","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"302_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-04963-170411","volume":"17","author":"L Cassidy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cassidy L, Barnes GD (2012) Understanding household connectivity and resilience in marginal rural communities through social network analysis in the village of Habu, Botswana. Ecol Soc 17(4):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-04963-170411","journal-title":"Ecol Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"302_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011596","volume":"5","author":"C Cattuto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cattuto C, Van den Broeck W, Barrat A, Colizza V, Pinton J-F, Vespignani A (2010) Dynamics of person-to-person interactions from distributed RFID sensor networks. PLoS ONE 5(7):e11596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0011596","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"302_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008895108","volume":"108","author":"S Cauchemez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cauchemez S, Bhattarai A, Marchbanks TL, Fagan RP, Ostroff S, Ferguson NM, Swerdlow D, Pennsylvania H1N1 working group (2011) Role of social networks in shaping disease transmission during a community outbreak of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(7):2825\u20132830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1008895108","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"7","key":"302_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103500","volume":"9","author":"GF Chami","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chami GF, Ahnert SE, Voors MJ, Kontoleon AA (2014) Social network analysis predicts health behaviours and self-reported health in African villages. PLoS ONE 9(7):e103500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103500","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"302_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v28i2.2","volume":"28","author":"KR Chikaphupha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chikaphupha KR, Kok MC, Nyirenda L, Namakhoma I, Theobald S (2016) Motivation of health surveillance assistants in Malawi: a qualitative study. Malawi Med J 28(2):37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/mmj.v28i2.2","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"302_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72626-y","volume":"10","author":"M Contisciani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Contisciani M, Power EA, De Bacco C (2020) Community detection with node attributes in multilayer networks. Sci Rep 10:15736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-72626-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"302_CR11","first-page":"612","volume":"12","author":"AC Crampin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crampin AC, Floyd S, Ngwira BM, Mwinuka V, Mwaungulu JN, Branson K, Fine PE, Glynn JR (2008) Assessment and evaluation of contact as a risk factor for tuberculosis in rural Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12(6):612\u2013618","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"302_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/284909","volume":"2011","author":"L Danon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Danon L, Ford AP, House T, Jewell CP, Keeling MJ, Roberts GO, Ross JV, Vernon MC (2011) Networks and the epidemiology of infectious disease. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2011:284909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/284909","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"302_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58297-9","volume":"10","author":"T Elmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elmer T, Stadtfeld C (2020) Depressive symptoms are associated with social isolation in face-to-face interaction networks. Sci Rep 10(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-58297-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9557","key":"302_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60112-3","volume":"369","author":"PL Engle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Engle PL, Black MM, Behrman JR, Cabral de Mello M, Gertler PJ, Kapiriri L, Martorell R, Young ME (2007) Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. Lancet 369(9557):229\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60112-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"302_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.09.004","volume":"26","author":"F Fenollar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fenollar F, Mediannikov O (2018) Emerging infectious diseases in Africa in the 21st century. New Microbes New Infect 26:S10\u2013S18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.09.004","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"302_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000758","volume":"2","author":"C Fraser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fraser C (2007) Estimating individual and household reproduction numbers in an emerging epidemic. PLoS ONE 2(8):e758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000758","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"50","key":"302_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0142","volume":"7","author":"S Funk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Funk S, Salath\u00e9 M, Jansen VA (2010) Modelling the influence of human behaviour on the spread of infectious diseases: a review. J R Soc Interface 7(50):1247\u20131256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2010.0142","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"issue":"17","key":"302_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328285df98","volume":"21","author":"S Helleringer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Helleringer S, Kohler HP (2007) Sexual network structure and the spread of HIV in Africa: evidence from Likoma Island, Malawi. AIDS 21(17):2323\u20132332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328285df98","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"302_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016965","volume":"6","author":"P Horby","year":"2011","unstructured":"Horby P, Thai PQ, Hens N, Yen NTT, Mai LQ, Thoang DD et al. (2011) Social contact patterns in Vietnam and implications for the control of infectious diseases. PLoS ONE 6(2):e16965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016965","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"302_CR20","first-page":"58","volume-title":"African households: an exploration of census data","author":"V Hosegood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hosegood V, Timaeus IM (2005) Household composition and dynamics in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa: mirroring social reality in longitudinal data collection. In: African households: an exploration of census data. ME Sharpe, New York, pp\u00a058\u201377"},{"issue":"2","key":"302_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017144","volume":"6","author":"L Isella","year":"2011","unstructured":"Isella L, Romano M, Barrat A, Cattuto C, Colizza V, Van den Broeck W et al. (2011) Close encounters in a pediatric ward: measuring face-to-face proximity and mixing patterns with wearable sensors. PLoS ONE 6(2):e17144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0017144","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"302_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr251","volume":"174","author":"SP Johnstone-Robertson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnstone-Robertson SP, Mark D, Morrow C, Middelkoop K, Chiswell M, Aquino LD, Bekker LG, Wood R (2011) Social mixing patterns within a South African township community: implications for respiratory disease transmission and control. Am J Epidemiol 174(11):1246\u20131255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwr251","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"302_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2017.02.002","volume":"94","author":"J Johny","year":"2017","unstructured":"Johny J, Wichmann B, Swallow BM (2017) Characterizing social networks and their effects on income diversification in rural Kerala, India. World Dev 94:375\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2017.02.002","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"302_CR24","volume":"5","author":"EN Kalomo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kalomo EN, Besthorn FH (2018) Caregiving in sub-Saharan Africa and older, female caregivers in the era of HIV\/AIDS: a Namibian perspective. GrandFamilies Contemp J Res Pract Policy 5(1):6","journal-title":"GrandFamilies Contemp J Res Pract Policy"},{"key":"302_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29405-7","volume":"8","author":"F Karimi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karimi F, G\u00e9nois M, Wagner C et al. (2018) Homophily influences ranking of minorities in social networks. Sci Rep 8:11077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-29405-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"302_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104786","volume":"9","author":"MC Kiti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kiti MC, Kinyanjui TM, Koech DC, Munywoki PK, Medley GF, Nokes DJ (2014) Quantifying age-related rates of social contact using diaries in a rural coastal population of Kenya. PLoS ONE 9(8):e104786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0104786","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"302_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15268.2","volume":"22","author":"MC Kiti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kiti MC, Melegaro A, Cattuto C, Nokes DJ (2019) Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors. Wellcome Open Res 22(4):84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15268.2","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"302_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-016-0084-2","volume":"5","author":"MC Kiti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kiti MC, Tizzoni M, Kinyanjui TM, Koech DC, Munywoki PK, Meriac M, Cappa L, Panisson A, Barrat A, Cattuto C, Nokes DJ (2016) Quantifying social contacts in a household setting of rural Kenya using wearable proximity sensors. EPJ Data Sci 5:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-016-0084-2","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"302_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.4.627","volume":"42","author":"SH Landry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Landry SH, Smith KE, Swank PR (2006) Responsive parenting: establishing early foundations for social, communication, and independent problem-solving skills. Dev Psychol 42(4):627\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.42.4.627","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"302_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23154","volume":"7","author":"O Leal Neto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leal Neto O, Haenni S, Phuka J, Ozella L, Paolotti D, Cattuto C, Robles D, Combining G (2021) Wearable devices and mobile surveys to study child and youth development in Malawi: implementation study of a multimodal approach. JMIR Public Health Surveill 7(3):e23154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/23154","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"302_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2015.02.002","volume":"42","author":"L Leszczensky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leszczensky L, Pink S (2015) Ethnic segregation of friendship networks in school: testing a rational-choice argument of differences in ethnic homophily between classroom-and grade-level networks. Soc Netw 42:18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socnet.2015.02.002","journal-title":"Soc Netw"},{"key":"302_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parco.2015.03.003","volume":"47","author":"H Lu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lu H, Halappanavar M, Kalyanaraman A (2015) Parallel heuristics for scalable community detection. Parallel Comput 47:19\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parco.2015.03.003","journal-title":"Parallel Comput"},{"issue":"13","key":"302_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2313.170727","volume":"23","author":"BJ Marston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marston BJ, Dokubo EK, van Steelandt A, Martel L, Williams D, Hersey S, Jambai A, Keita S, Nyenswah TG, Redd JT (2017) Ebola response impact on public health programs, West Africa, 2014\u20132017. Emerg Infect Dis 23(13):S25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2313.170727","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"302_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415","volume":"27","author":"M McPherson","year":"2001","unstructured":"McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM (2001) Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks. Annu Rev Sociol 27(1):415\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"3","key":"302_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050074","volume":"5","author":"J Mossong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mossong J, Hens N, Jit M, Beutels P, Auranen K, Mikolajczyk R et al. (2008) Social contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases. PLoS Med 5(3):e74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050074","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"302_CR36","first-page":"388","volume-title":"The role of the father in child development","author":"AB Nsamenang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nsamenang AB (2010) Fathers, families, and children\u2019s well-becoming in Africa. In: Lamb ME (ed) The role of the father in child development. Wiley, New York, pp\u00a0388\u2013412"},{"issue":"4","key":"302_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12251","volume":"21","author":"L Ozella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ozella L, Gauvin L, Carenzo L, Quaggiotto M, Ingrassia PL, Tizzoni M, Panisson A, Colombo D, Sapienza A, Kalimeri K, Della Corte F, Cattuto C (2019) Wearable proximity sensors for monitoring a mass casualty incident exercise: feasibility study. J Med Internet Res 21(4):e12251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/12251","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"302_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198733","volume":"13","author":"L Ozella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ozella L, Gesualdo F, Tizzoni M, Rizzo C, Pandolfi E, Campagna I et al. (2018) Close encounters between infants and household members measured through wearable proximity sensors. PLoS ONE 13(6):e0198733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198733","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"302_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.04.015","volume":"125","author":"MC Pachucki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pachucki MC, Ozer EJ, Barrat A, Cattuto C (2015) Mental health and social networks in early adolescence: a dynamic study of objectively-measured social interaction behaviors. Soc Sci Med 125:40\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.04.015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"302_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.10.005","volume":"170","author":"A Rock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rock A, Barrington C, Abdoulayi S, Tsoka M, Mvula P, Handa S (2016) Social networks, social participation, and health among youth living in extreme poverty in rural Malawi. Soc Sci Med 170:55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.10.005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"51","key":"302_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009094108","volume":"107","author":"M Salath\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salath\u00e9 M, Kazandjieva M, Lee JW, Levis P, Feldman MW, Jones JH (2010) A high-resolution human contact network for infectious disease transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(51):22020\u201322025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1009094108","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"302_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2017.1341225","volume":"10","author":"EZ Sambala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sambala EZ, Manderson L (2017) Anticipation and response: pandemic influenza in Malawi, 2009. Glob Health Action 10(1):1341225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16549716.2017.1341225","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"302_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14034950701355676","volume":"69","author":"EJ Schatz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schatz EJ (2007) \u201cTaking care of my own blood\u201d: older women\u2019s relationships to their households in rural South Africa. Scand J Soc Health 69:147\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14034950701355676","journal-title":"Scand J Soc Health"},{"key":"302_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1676-y","volume":"16","author":"T Smieszek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smieszek T, Castell S, Barrat A, Cattuto C, White PJ, Krause G (2016) Contact diaries versus wearable proximity sensors in measuring contact patterns at a conference: method comparison and participants\u2019 attitudes. BMC Infect Dis 16:341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-016-1676-y","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"302_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023176","volume":"6","author":"J Stehl\u00e9","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stehl\u00e9 J, Voirin N, Barrat A, Cattuto C, Isella L, Pinton J-F et al. (2011) High-resolution measurements of face-to-face contact patterns in a primary school. PLoS ONE 6(8):e23176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0023176","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"302_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2014.53","volume":"36","author":"N Voirin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voirin N, Payet C, Barrat A, Cattuto C, Khanafer N, R\u00e9gis C, Kim BA, Comte B, Casalegno JS, Lina B, Vanhems P (2015) Combining high-resolution contact data with virological data to investigate influenza transmission in a tertiary care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 36(3):254\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2014.53","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"302_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007565","volume":"13","author":"JK Wilson-Aggarwal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilson-Aggarwal JK, Ozella L, Tizzoni M, Cattuto C, Swan GJF, Moundai T et al. (2019) High-resolution contact networks of free-ranging domestic dogs canis familiaris and implications for transmission of infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(7):e0007565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007565","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"302_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.06.003","volume":"13","author":"E Yoneki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yoneki E, Crowcroft J (2014) Epimap: towards quantifying contact networks for understanding epidemiology in developing countries. Ad Hoc Netw 13:83\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.06.003","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw"}],"container-title":["EPJ Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00302-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00302-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00302-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T08:03:15Z","timestamp":1631088195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epjdatascience.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00302-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00302-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-1127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-1127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}