{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T23:09:57Z","timestamp":1771369797257,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Data Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As the living tissue connecting urban places, streets play significant roles in driving city development, providing essential access, and promoting human interactions. Understanding street activities and how these activities vary across different streets is critical for designing both efficient and livable streets. However, current street classification frameworks primarily focus on either streets\u2019 functions in transportation networks or their adjacent land uses rather than actual activity patterns, resulting in coarse classifications. This research proposes an activity-based street classification framework to categorize street segments based on their temporal street activity patterns, which is derived from high-resolution de-identified and privacy-enhanced mobility data. We then apply the proposed framework to 18,023 street segments in the City of Boston and reveal 10 distinct activity-based street types (ASTs). These ASTs highlight dynamic street activities on streets, which complements existing street classification frameworks, which focus on the static or transportation characteristics of the street segments. Our results show that a street classification framework based on temporal street activity patterns can identify street categories at a finer granularity than current methods, which can offer useful implications for state-of-the-art urban management and planning. In particular, we find that our classification distinguishes better those streets where crime is more prevalent than current functional or contextual classifications of streets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-022-00355-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T12:56:20Z","timestamp":1659012980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Rhythm of the streets: a street classification framework based on street activity patterns"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1702-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyu","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maoran","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuangyuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Noyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pentland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"355_CR1","volume-title":"The image of the city","author":"K Lynch","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lynch K (1992) The image of the city. MIT Press, Cambridge. Google-Books-ID: phRPWsSpAgC"},{"key":"355_CR2","volume-title":"Life between buildings: using public space","author":"J Gehl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gehl J (2012) Life between buildings: using public space. Island Press. Google-Books-ID: X707aiCq6T8C"},{"issue":"4","key":"355_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1080\/01944369508975661","volume":"61","author":"E Ben-Joseph","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ben-Joseph E (1995) Changing the residential street scene: adapting the shared street. J Am Plan Assoc 61(4):504\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01944369508975661. Publisher: Routledge. Accessed 2020-10-03","journal-title":"J Am Plan Assoc"},{"key":"355_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5822\/978-1-61091-525-0","volume-title":"How to study public life","author":"J Gehl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gehl J, Svarre B (2013) How to study public life. Island Press. Google-Books-ID: DUGiAQAAQBAJ"},{"key":"355_CR5","volume-title":"The social life of small urban spaces","author":"WH Whyte","year":"1980","unstructured":"Whyte WH (1980) The social life of small urban spaces. Conservation Foundation. Google-Books-ID: ugexAAAAIAAJ"},{"key":"355_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812208344","volume-title":"City: rediscovering the center","author":"WH Whyte","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whyte WH (2009) City: rediscovering the center. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Google-Books-ID: Qov3yfItdkYC"},{"issue":"2","key":"355_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X07307947","volume":"27","author":"V Mehta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mehta V, Streets L (2007) Determining environmental characteristics to support social behavior. J Plan Educ Res 27(2):165\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0739456X07307947. Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc. Accessed 2021-06-10","journal-title":"J Plan Educ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"355_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916509344677","volume":"42","author":"V Mehta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mehta V, Bosson JK (2010) Third places and the social life of streets. Environ Behav 42(6):779\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916509344677. Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc. Accessed 2021-06-10","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"355_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2020.1864758","volume":"87","author":"A Sevtsuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sevtsuk A (2021) Estimating pedestrian flows on street networks. J Am Plan Assoc 87(4):512\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01944363.2020.1864758. Publisher: Routledge. Accessed 2021-06-10","journal-title":"J Am Plan Assoc"},{"key":"355_CR10","unstructured":"Department, B.T.: Boston complete streets design guidelines. Library catalog: tooledesign.com. https:\/\/tooledesign.com\/project\/boston-complete-streets-manual\/ Accessed 2020-06-07"},{"issue":"1","key":"355_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2017.1299815","volume":"38","author":"N Hui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hui N, Saxe S, Roorda M, Hess P, Miller EJ (2018) Measuring the completeness of complete streets. Transp Rev 38(1):73\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01441647.2017.1299815. Publisher: Routledge. Accessed 2020-06-07","journal-title":"Transp Rev"},{"key":"355_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.08.018","volume":"180","author":"Y Lai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lai Y, Kontokosta CE (2018) Quantifying place: analyzing the drivers of pedestrian activity in dense urban environments. Landsc Urban Plan 180:166\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.08.018. Accessed 2021-01-16","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"issue":"9","key":"355_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.913794","volume":"28","author":"T Pei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pei T, Sobolevsky S, Ratti C, Shaw S-L, Li T, Zhou C (2013) A new insight into land use classification based on aggregated mobile phone data. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 28(9):1988\u20132007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13658816.2014.913794. Publisher: Taylor & Francis. Accessed 2020-06-02","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"355_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1068\/b32047","volume":"33","author":"C Ratti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ratti C, Frenchman D, Pulselli RM, Williams S (2006) Mobile landscapes: using location data from cell phones for urban analysis. Environ Plann B: Urban Anal City Sci 33(5):727\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/b32047. Accessed 2020-03-14","journal-title":"Environ Plann B: Urban Anal City Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"355_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05276","volume":"4","author":"T Louail","year":"2014","unstructured":"Louail T, Lenormand M, Cantu Ros OG, Picornell M, Herranz R, Frias-Martinez E, Ramasco JJ, Barthelemy M (2014) From mobile phone data to the spatial structure of cities. Sci Rep 4(1):5276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep05276. Publisher: Nature Publishing Group. Accessed 2021-01-17","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"355_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808319840668","volume":"46","author":"A Noyman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noyman A, Doorley R, Xiong Z, Alonso L, Grignard A, Larson K (2019) Reversed urbanism: inferring urban performance through behavioral patterns in temporal telecom data. Environ Plann B: Urban Anal City Sci 46(8):1480\u20131498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2399808319840668. Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd STM. Accessed 2020-05-23","journal-title":"Environ Plann B: Urban Anal City Sci"},{"key":"355_CR17","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Calvo D, Aleta A, Pentland A, Moreno Y, Moro E Effectiveness of social distancing strategies for protecting a community from a pandemic with a data-driven contact network based on census and real-world mobility data, 13"},{"issue":"9","key":"355_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0931-9","volume":"4","author":"A Aleta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aleta A, Mart\u00edn-Corral D, Pastore y Piontti A, Ajelli M, Litvinova M, Chinazzi M, Dean NE, Halloran ME, Longini IM Jr, Merler S, Pentland A, Vespignani A, Moro E, Moreno Y (2020) Modelling the impact of testing, contact tracing and household quarantine on second waves of Covid-19. Nat Hum Behav 4(9):964\u2013971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-020-0931-9. Publisher: Nature Publishing Group. Accessed 2020-09-15","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"355_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24899-8","volume":"12","author":"E Moro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moro E, Calacci D, Dong X, Pentland A (2021) Mobility patterns are associated with experienced income segregation in large US cities. Nat Commun 12(1):4633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-24899-8. Accessed 2022-01-21","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"355_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.07.001","volume":"86","author":"D Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu D, Wang N, Wu L, Liu Y (2017) Street as a big geo-data assembly and analysis unit in urban studies: a case study using Beijing taxi data. Appl Geogr 86:152\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.07.001. Accessed 2020-07-20","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"355_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0142-z","volume":"7","author":"K D\u2019Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u2019Silva K, Noulas A, Musolesi M, Mascolo C, Sklar M (2018) Predicting the temporal activity patterns of new venues. EPJ Data Sci 7(1):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0142-z. Publisher: SpringerOpen. Accessed 2020-05-21","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"key":"355_CR22","volume-title":"CSSWC workshop at NIPS","author":"J Cranshaw","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cranshaw J, Yano T (2010) Seeing a home away from the home: distilling proto-neighborhoods from incidental data with latent topic modeling. In: CSSWC workshop at NIPS, vol\u00a010"},{"key":"355_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMSAP.2015.7383744","volume-title":"2015 IEEE 6th international workshop on computational advances in multi-sensor adaptive processing (CAMSAP)","author":"EE Papalexakis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Papalexakis EE, Pelechrinis K, Faloutsos C (2015) Location based social network analysis using tensors and signal processing tools. In: 2015 IEEE 6th international workshop on computational advances in multi-sensor adaptive processing (CAMSAP), pp\u00a093\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CAMSAP.2015.7383744"},{"key":"355_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/SocialCom-PASSAT.2012.19","volume-title":"2012 international conference on privacy, security, risk and trust and 2012 international conference on social computing","author":"V Frias-Martinez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frias-Martinez V, Soto V, Hohwald H, Frias-Martinez E (2012) Characterizing urban landscapes using geolocated tweets. In: 2012 international conference on privacy, security, risk and trust and 2012 international conference on social computing, pp\u00a0239\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SocialCom-PASSAT.2012.19"},{"key":"355_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2014.06.019","volume":"35","author":"V Frias-Martinez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frias-Martinez V, Frias-Martinez E (2014) Spectral clustering for sensing urban land use using Twitter activity. Eng Appl Artif Intell 35:237\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2014.06.019. Accessed 2022-05-20","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"8","key":"355_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105407","volume":"9","author":"M Lenormand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lenormand M, Tugores A, Colet P, Ramasco JJ (2014) Tweets on the road. PLoS ONE 9(8):105407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0105407. Publisher: Public Library of Science. Accessed 2022-05-20","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"355_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cacint.2021.100058","volume":"10","author":"M Ghahramani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghahramani M, Galle NJ, Duarte F, Ratti C, Pilla F (2021) Leveraging artificial intelligence to analyze citizens\u2019 opinions on urban green space. City Environ. Interact. 10:100058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cacint.2021.100058. Accessed 2021-12-13","journal-title":"City Environ. Interact."},{"key":"355_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103395","volume":"119","author":"M Ghahramani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghahramani M, Galle NJ, Ratti C, Pilla F (2021) Tales of a city: sentiment analysis of urban green space in Dublin. Cities 119:103395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103395. Accessed 2021-12-13","journal-title":"Cities"},{"issue":"3","key":"355_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808320974693","volume":"48","author":"S Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo S, He SY (2021) Using data mining to explore the spatial and temporal dynamics of perceptions of metro services in China: the case of Shenzhen. Environ Plann B: Urban Anal City Sci 48(3):449\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2399808320974693. Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd STM. Accessed 2021-12-03","journal-title":"Environ Plann B: Urban Anal City Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"355_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-003-0069-z","volume":"7","author":"MA Quddus","year":"2003","unstructured":"Quddus MA, Ochieng WY, Zhao L, Noland RB (2003) A general map matching algorithm for transport telematics applications. GPS Solut 7(3):157\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10291-003-0069-z. Accessed 2020-07-24","journal-title":"GPS Solut"},{"key":"355_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","volume":"20","author":"PJ Rousseeuw","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rousseeuw PJ (1987) Silhouettes: a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. J Comput Appl Math 20:53\u201365","journal-title":"J Comput Appl Math"},{"issue":"9","key":"355_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2005\/09\/P09008","volume":"2005","author":"L Danon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Danon L, Diaz-Guilera A, Duch J, Arenas A (2005) Comparing community structure identification. J Stat Mech Theory Exp 2005(9):09008","journal-title":"J Stat Mech Theory Exp"},{"key":"355_CR33","volume-title":"Bit by bit: social research in the digital age","author":"MJ Salganik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salganik MJ (2019) Bit by bit: social research in the digital age. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Google-Books-ID: 58iXDwAAQBAJ"}],"container-title":["EPJ Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-022-00355-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-022-00355-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-022-00355-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T12:56:26Z","timestamp":1659012986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epjdatascience.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-022-00355-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-022-00355-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-1127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-1127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"43"}}