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However, a critical question is how these policies affect individuals\u2019 behavioral and psychological well-being during and after confinement periods. Here, we analyze China\u2019s five most stringent city-level lockdowns in 2021, treating them as natural experiments that allow for examining behavioral changes in millions of people through smartphone application use. We made three fundamental observations. First, the use of physical and economic activity-related apps experienced a steep decline, yet apps that provide daily necessities maintained normal usage. Second, apps that fulfilled lower-level human needs, such as working, socializing, information seeking, and entertainment, saw an immediate and substantial increase in screen time. Those that satisfied higher-level needs, such as education, only attracted delayed attention. Third, human behaviors demonstrated resilience as most routines resumed after the lockdowns were lifted. Nonetheless, long-term lifestyle changes were observed, as significant numbers of people chose to continue working and learning online, becoming \u201cdigital residents.\u201d This study also demonstrates the capability of smartphone screen time analytics in the study of human behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-023-00391-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T08:02:34Z","timestamp":1685952154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The shock, the coping, the resilience: smartphone application use reveals Covid-19 lockdown effects on human behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao Fan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhen-Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiao-Ke","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhidan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huarong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naipeng","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yi-Hui C.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6488","key":"391_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1126\/science.368.6488.218","volume":"368","author":"K Kupferschmidt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kupferschmidt K (2020) The lockdowns worked, but what comes next? 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Aggregate-level data can be used for phone design improvements, advertisement recommendations, and other purposes including research. The user agreement clauses and collaboration letters are attached in Additional file\u00a0, Sect.\u00a08. We obtained approval from the City University of Hong Kong and Shenzhen University\u2019s Ethical Review Boards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17"}}