{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T20:59:43Z","timestamp":1771361983420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Data Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data sets provided by Information and Communication Technologies have been extensively used to study the human mobility in the framework of complex systems. The possibility of detecting the behavior of individuals performing the urban mobility may offer the possibility of understanding how to realize a transition to a sustainable mobility in future smart cities. The Statistical Physics approach considers the statistical distributions of human mobility to discover universal features. Under this point of view the power laws distributions has been extensively studied to propose model of human mobility. In this paper we show that using a GPS data set containing the displacements of mobile devices in an area around the city Rimini (Italy), it is possible to reconstruct a sample of mobility paths and to study the statistical properties of urban mobility. Applying a fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, we succeed to detect different mobility types that highlight the multilayer structure of the road network. The disaggregation into homogeneous mobility classes explains the power law distributions for the path lengths and the travel times as an overlapping of exponential distributions, that are consistent with a maximum entropy Principle. Under this point of view it is not possible to infer other dynamical properties on the individual mobility, except for the average values of the different classes. We also study the role of the mobility types, when one restricts the analysis to the an origin-destination framework, by analyzing the daily evolution of the mobility flows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-023-00431-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T12:03:03Z","timestamp":1702036983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Individual mobility deep insight using mobile phones data"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Mizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Baroncini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Micheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Vannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Criminisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Jean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9633-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Bazzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2012-01703-3","volume":"214","author":"M Batty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F et al. (2012) Smart cities of the future. Eur Phys J Spec Top 214:481\u2013518","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Spec Top"},{"issue":"2","key":"431_CR2","first-page":"185","volume":"10","author":"P Signorile","year":"2018","unstructured":"Signorile P, Larosa V, Spiru A (2018) Mobility as a service: a new model for sustainable mobility in tourism. Worldw Hosp Tour Themes 10(2):185\u2013200","journal-title":"Worldw Hosp Tour Themes"},{"key":"431_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2018.01.001","volume":"734","author":"H Barbosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barbosa H, Barthelemy M, Ghoshal G, James RC, Lenormand M, Louail T, Menezes R, Ramasco JJ, Simini F, Tomasini M (2018) Models and applications. Phys Rep 734:1\u201374","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"key":"431_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaloni A, Micheli D (2015) Estimation of mobility direction of a people flux by using a live 3G radio access network and smartphones in non-connected mode. In: Proc. IEEE 15th Int. Conf. Environ. Elect. Eng., vol\u00a01869","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2015.7165457"},{"key":"431_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micheli D, Diamanti R (2019) Statistical analysis of interference in a real LTE access network by massive collection of MDT radio measurement data from smartphones In: PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium\u2014Spring (PIERS-Spring), vol\u00a01906","DOI":"10.1109\/PIERS-Spring46901.2019.9017353"},{"issue":"12","key":"431_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3090505","volume":"69","author":"D Micheli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Micheli D, Muratore G, Vannelli A et al. (2021) Rain effect on 4G LTE in-car electromagnetic propagation analyzed through MDT radio data measurement reported by mobile phones. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 69(12):8641","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Antennas Propag"},{"key":"431_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0168-2","volume":"7","author":"C Mizzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mizzi C et al. (2018) Unraveling pedestrian mobility on a road network using ICTs data during great tourist events. EPJ Data Sci 7:44","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"key":"431_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958","volume":"454","author":"MC Gonzalez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzalez MC, Hidalgo CA, Barabasi AL (2008) Understanding human mobility patterns. Nature 454:779\u2013782","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"431_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-011-0244-8","volume":"20","author":"F Giannotti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giannotti F, Nanni M, Pedreschi D et al. (2011) Unveiling the complexity of human mobility by querying and mining massive trajectory data. VLDB J 20:695","journal-title":"VLDB J"},{"issue":"45","key":"431_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15888","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408439111","volume":"111","author":"P Deville","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deville P, Linard C, Martin S et al. (2014) Dynamic population mapping using mobile phone data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(45):15888\u201315893","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"431_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2909-1","volume":"587","author":"L Alessandretti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alessandretti L, Aslak U, Lehmann S (2020) The scales of human mobility. Nature 587:402\u2013407","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"431_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00261-2","volume":"10","author":"C Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao C, Zeng A, Yeung CH (2021) Characteristics of human mobility patterns revealed by high-frequency cell-phone position data. EPJ Data Sci 10:5","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"key":"431_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/ac4c40","volume":"2022","author":"C Mizzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mizzi C, Fabbri A, Colomobini G et al. (2022) A survival model to explain the statistical properties of multimodal mobility. J Stat Mech 2022:023404","journal-title":"J Stat Mech"},{"key":"431_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04292","volume":"439","author":"D Brockmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brockmann D, Hufnagel L, Geisel T (2006) The scaling laws of human travel. Nature 439:462465","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"431_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1760","volume":"6","author":"C Song","year":"2010","unstructured":"Song C, Koren T, Barabasi AL (2010) Modelling the scaling properties of human mobility. Nat Phys 6:818\u2013823","journal-title":"Nat Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"431_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/96\/38006","volume":"96","author":"H Yanqing","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yanqing H, Jiang Z, Zengru D (2011) Toward a general understanding of the scaling laws in human and animal mobility EPL. Europhys Lett 96(3):38006","journal-title":"Europhys Lett"},{"key":"431_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037027","volume":"7","author":"A Noulas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noulas A, Scellato S, Lambiotte R et al. (2012) Tale of many cities: Universal patterns in human urban mobility. PLoS ONE 7:e37027","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"431_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01892-8","volume":"8","author":"XY Yan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yan XY, Wang WX, Gao ZY et al. (2017) Universal model of individual and population mobility on diverse spatial scales. Nat Commun 8:1639","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"431_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2010\/05\/P05001","volume":"2010","author":"A Bazzani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bazzani A, Giorgini B, Rambaldi S et al. (2010) Statistical laws in urban mobility from microscopic GPS data in the area of Florence. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2010:P05001","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment"},{"issue":"09","key":"431_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"R Gallotti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gallotti R, Bazzani A, Rambaldi S (2012) Towards a statistical physics of human mobility. Int J Mod Phys C 23(09):1\u201316","journal-title":"Int J Mod Phys C"},{"issue":"5","key":"431_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2011.11.035","volume":"391","author":"X Liang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liang X, Zheng X, Lv W (2012) The scaling of human mobility by taxis is exponential. Phys A, Stat Mech Appl 391(5):2135\u20132144","journal-title":"Phys A, Stat Mech Appl"},{"key":"431_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/5\/1\/348","volume":"5","author":"R Kolbl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kolbl R, Helbing D (2003) Energy laws in human travel behaviour. New J Phys 5:48","journal-title":"New J Phys"},{"key":"431_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0364-x","volume":"2","author":"L Alessandretti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alessandretti L, Sapiezynski P, Sekara V et al. (2018) Evidence for a conserved quantity in human mobility. Nat Hum Behav 2:485\u2013491","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"431_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084954","volume":"9","author":"BH Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang BH, Wang XW, Han XP (2014) Correlations and scaling laws in human mobility. PloS ONE 9(1):e84954","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"431_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02983","volume":"3","author":"X Liang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liang X, Zhao J, Dong L et al. (2013) Unraveling the origin of exponential law in intra-urban human mobility. Sci Rep 3:2983","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"431_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-015-0055-z","volume":"4","author":"R Gallotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gallotti R, Bazzani A, Rambaldi S (2015) Understanding the variability of daily travel-time expenditures using GPS trajectory data. EPJ Data Sci 4:18","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"key":"431_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2014.56","volume":"2","author":"R Gallotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gallotti R, Barthelemy M (2015) The multilayer temporal network of public transport in Great Britain. Sci Data 2:140056","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"431_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2018.02.059","volume":"503","author":"R Ding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding R, Ujang N, Bin Hamid H et al. (2018) Detecting the urban traffic network structure dynamics through the growth and analysis of multi-layer networks. Phys A, Stat Mech Appl 503:800\u2013817","journal-title":"Phys A, Stat Mech Appl"},{"key":"431_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7007","volume":"6","author":"T Louail","year":"2015","unstructured":"Louail T, Lenormand M, Picornell M et al. (2015) Uncovering the spatial structure of mobility networks. Nat Commun 6:6007","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"431_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06911","volume":"4","author":"R Gallotti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gallotti R, Barthelemy M (2014) Anatomy and efficiency of urban multimodal mobility. Sci Rep 4:6911","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"431_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(84)90020-7","volume":"10","author":"JC Bezdek","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bezdek JC, Ehrlich R, Full W (1984) FCM: the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Comput Geosci 10(2\u20133):191","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"431_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.106.620","volume":"106","author":"ET Jaynes","year":"1957","unstructured":"Jaynes ET (1957) Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics. Phys Rev 106(4):620\u2013630","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"key":"431_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03480-9","volume":"593","author":"M Schl\u00e4pfer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schl\u00e4pfer M, Dong L, O\u2019Keeffe K et al. (2021) The universal visitation law of human mobility. Nature 593:522","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"431_CR34","unstructured":"Homepage of the OpenStreetMap project (2021) https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/"},{"issue":"45","key":"431_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15852","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407191101","volume":"101","author":"S Gheorghiu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gheorghiu S, Coppens MO (2004) Heterogeneity explains features of \u201canomalous\u201d thermodynamics and statistics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(45):15852\u201315856","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"431_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2008-00001-9","volume":"64","author":"U Seifert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seifert U (2008) Stochastic thermodynamics: principles and perspectives. Eur Phys J B 64:423\u2013431","journal-title":"Eur Phys J B"},{"key":"431_CR37","unstructured":"Github repository. https:\/\/github.com\/physycom\/city-pro"},{"issue":"1","key":"431_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1625(94)90041-8","volume":"47","author":"C Marchetti","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marchetti C (1994) Anthropological invariants in travel behavior. Technol Forecast Soc Change 47(1):75","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"431_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.73.026130","volume":"73","author":"V Kalapala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kalapala V, Sanwalani V, Clauset A, Cristopher Moore C (2006) Scale invariance in road networks. Phys Rev E 73:026130","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"431_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12600","volume":"7","author":"R Gallotti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gallotti R, Bazzani A, Rambaldi S et al. (2016) A stochastic model of randomly accelerated walkers for human mobility. Nat Commun 7:12600","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"431_CR41","first-page":"2726","volume":"48","author":"M Tran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tran M, Draeger C (2021) A data-driven complex network approach for planning sustainable and inclusive urban mobility hubs and services. Environ Plan B: Urban Anal City Sci 48(9):2726\u20132742","journal-title":"Environ Plan B: Urban Anal City Sci"}],"container-title":["EPJ Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-023-00431-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-023-00431-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-023-00431-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T12:03:13Z","timestamp":1702036993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epjdatascience.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-023-00431-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-023-00431-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-1127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-1127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"56"}}