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Next location prediction is one decisive task in individual human mobility modeling and is usually viewed as sequence modeling, solved with Markov or RNN-based methods. However, the existing models paid little attention to the logic of individual travel decisions and the reproducibility of the collective behavior of population. To this end, we propose a Causal and Spatial-constrained Long and Short-term Learner (CSLSL) for next location prediction. CSLSL utilizes a causal structure based on multi-task learning to explicitly model the \u201c<jats:italic>when<\/jats:italic>\u2192<jats:italic>what<\/jats:italic>\u2192<jats:italic>where<\/jats:italic>\u201d, a.k.a. \u201c<jats:italic>time<\/jats:italic>\u2192<jats:italic>activity<\/jats:italic>\u2192<jats:italic>location<\/jats:italic>\u201d decision logic. We next propose a spatial-constrained loss function as an auxiliary task, to ensure the consistency between the predicted and actual spatial distribution of travelers\u2019 destinations. Moreover, CSLSL adopts modules named Long and Short-term Capturer (LSC) to learn the transition regularities across different time spans. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets show promising performance improvements of CSLSL over baselines and confirm the effectiveness of introducing the causality and consistency constraints. The implementation is available at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/urbanmobility\/CSLSL\">https:\/\/github.com\/urbanmobility\/CSLSL<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-024-00460-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T14:22:59Z","timestamp":1710858179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Human mobility prediction with causal and spatial-constrained multi-task network"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zongyuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menghan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5429-3177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaohui","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7196","key":"460_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958","volume":"453","author":"MC Gonzalez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzalez MC, Hidalgo CA, Barabasi A-L (2008) Understanding individual human mobility patterns. 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