{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:41:39Z","timestamp":1777045299576,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-2007251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-2007251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-2143529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-2143529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Data Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our social identities determine how we interact and engage with the world surrounding us. In online settings, individuals can make these identities explicit by including them in their public biography, possibly signaling a change in what is important to them and how they should be viewed. While there is evidence suggesting the impact of intentional identity disclosure in online social platforms, its actual effect on engagement activities at the user level has yet to be explored. Here, we perform the first large-scale study on Twitter that examines behavioral changes following identity disclosure on Twitter profiles. Combining social networks with methods from natural language processing and quasi-experimental analyses, we discover that after disclosing an identity on their profiles, users (1) tweet and retweet more in a way that aligns with their respective identities, and (2) connect more with users that disclose similar identities. We also examine whether disclosing the identity increases the chance of being targeted for offensive comments and find that in fact (3) the combined effect of disclosing identity via both tweets and profiles is associated with a reduced number of offensive replies from others. Our findings highlight that the decision to disclose one\u2019s identity in online spaces can lead to substantial changes in how they express themselves or forge connections, with a lesser degree of negative consequences than anticipated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-024-00483-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T08:31:26Z","timestamp":1719563486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Profile update: the effects of identity disclosure on network connections and language"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1125-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minje","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jurgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"483_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245","volume":"33","author":"H Tajfel","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tajfel H (1982) Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annu Rev Psychol 33(1):1\u201339","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"483_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07370020903586662","volume":"25","author":"AN Joinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joinson AN, Reips U-D, Buchanan T, Schofield CBP (2010) Privacy, trust, and self-disclosure online. Hum-Comput Interact 25(1):1\u201324","journal-title":"Hum-Comput Interact"},{"key":"483_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2743049","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th international conference on World Wide Web","author":"U Pavalanathan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pavalanathan U, De Choudhury M (2015) Identity management and mental health discourse in social media. In: Proceedings of the 24th international conference on World Wide Web, pp\u00a0315\u2013321"},{"issue":"1","key":"483_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444810365313","volume":"13","author":"AE Marwick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marwick AE, Boyd D (2011) I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media Soc 13(1):114\u2013133","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"483_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12106","volume":"64","author":"NN Bazarova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bazarova NN, Choi YH (2014) Self-disclosure in social media: extending the functional approach to disclosure motivations and characteristics on social network sites. J Commun 64(4):635\u2013657","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"483_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814549930","volume":"18","author":"S Duguay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duguay S (2016) \u201che has a way gayer Facebook than I do\u201d: investigating sexual identity disclosure and context collapse on a social networking site. New Media Soc 18(6):891\u2013907","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"key":"483_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1016","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (volume 1: long papers)","author":"J Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li J, Ritter A, Hovy E (2014) Weakly supervised user profile extraction from Twitter. In: Proceedings of the 52nd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (volume 1: long papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Baltimore, pp\u00a0165\u2013174"},{"key":"483_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-5608","volume-title":"Proceedings of the first workshop on NLP and computational social science","author":"A Priante","year":"2016","unstructured":"Priante A, Hiemstra D, Van Den Broek T, Saeed A, Ehrenhard M, Need A (2016) # whoami in 160 characters? Classifying social identities based on Twitter profile descriptions. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on NLP and computational social science, pp\u00a055\u201365"},{"key":"483_CR9","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st conference of the Asia-Pacific chapter of the association for computational linguistics and the 10th international joint conference on natural language processing: student research workshop","author":"L-M Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson L-M, Wun C (2020) Automatic classification of students on Twitter using simple profile information. In: Proceedings of the 1st conference of the Asia-Pacific chapter of the association for computational linguistics and the 10th international joint conference on natural language processing: student research workshop. Association for Computational Linguistics, Suzhou, pp\u00a030\u201336"},{"key":"483_CR10","series-title":"WWW \u201919","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313684","volume-title":"The World Wide Web conference","author":"Z Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Z, Hale S, Adelani DI, Grabowicz P, Hartman T, Fl\u00f6ck F, Jurgens D (2019) Demographic inference and representative population estimates from multilingual social media data. In: The World Wide Web conference. WWW \u201919. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp\u00a02056\u20132067"},{"key":"483_CR11","first-page":"439","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media","author":"D Nguyen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nguyen D, Gravel R, Trieschnigg D, Meder T (2013) \u201chow old do you think I am?\u201d a study of language and age in Twitter. In: Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media, vol\u00a07, pp\u00a0439\u2013448"},{"key":"483_CR12","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media","author":"M Pennacchiotti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pennacchiotti M, Popescu A-M (2011) A machine learning approach to Twitter user classification. In: Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media, vol\u00a05, pp\u00a0281\u2013288"},{"issue":"1","key":"483_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23919\/JSC.2021.0002","volume":"2","author":"N Rogers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rogers N, Jones JJ (2021) Using Twitter bios to measure changes in self-identity: are Americans defining themselves more politically over time? J Soc Comput 2(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"J Soc Comput"},{"key":"483_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"L Tucker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tucker L, Jones J (2023) Pronoun lists in profile bios display increased prevalence, systematic co-presence with other keywords and network tie clustering among us Twitter users 2015-2022. J Quant Descr: Digit Media 3:1\u201335","journal-title":"J Quant Descr: Digit Media"},{"key":"483_CR15","unstructured":"Jiang J, Chen E, Luceri L, Muri\u0107 G, Pierri F, Chang H-CH, Ferrara E (2022) What are your pronouns? Examining gender pronoun usage on Twitter"},{"issue":"11","key":"483_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260185","volume":"16","author":"JJ Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones JJ (2021) A dataset for the study of identity at scale: annual prevalence of American Twitter users with specified token in their profile bio 2015\u20132020. PLoS ONE 16(11):1\u201317","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"483_CR17","series-title":"WebSci \u201920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/3394231.3397893","volume-title":"12th ACM conference on web science","author":"MM Yoder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoder MM, Shen Q, Wang Y, Coda A, Jang Y, Song Y, Thadani K, Ros\u00e9 CP (2020) Phans, stans and cishets: self-presentation effects on content propagation in Tumblr. In: 12th ACM conference on web science. WebSci \u201920. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp\u00a039\u201348"},{"key":"483_CR18","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction 5(CSCW2)","author":"A Pathak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pathak A, Madani N, Joseph K (2021) A method to analyze multiple social identities in Twitter bios. In: Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction 5(CSCW2), pp\u00a01\u201335"},{"key":"483_CR19","first-page":"1176","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work & social computing","author":"OL Haimson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haimson OL, Brubaker JR, Dombrowski L, Hayes GR (2015) Disclosure, stress, and support during gender transition on Facebook. In: Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work & social computing, pp\u00a01176\u20131190"},{"issue":"2","key":"483_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3185593","volume":"25","author":"S Jhaver","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jhaver S, Ghoshal S, Bruckman A, Gilbert E (2018) Online harassment and content moderation: the case of blocklists. ACM Trans Comput-Hum Interact 25(2):1\u201333","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput-Hum Interact"},{"key":"483_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000441","volume":"12","author":"RC Chan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan RC (2022) Gender nonconformity, peer victimization, and internalizing problems among youth: differential moderating effects of school climate by sex assigned at birth. Psychol Violence 12:347\u2013360","journal-title":"Psychol Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"483_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","volume":"129","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer IH (2003) Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull 129(5):674","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"7","key":"483_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2015.1012649","volume":"34","author":"M Green","year":"2015","unstructured":"Green M, Bobrowicz A, Ang CS (2015) The lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community online: discussions of bullying and self-disclosure in youtube videos. Behav Inf Technol 34(7):704\u2013712","journal-title":"Behav Inf Technol"},{"key":"483_CR24","unstructured":"Labov W (1966) The social stratification of english in New York city"},{"key":"483_CR25","unstructured":"Eckert P (2000) Language variation as social practice: the linguistic construction of identity in belten high"},{"issue":"1","key":"483_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1525\/jlin.2007.17.1.146","volume":"17","author":"A Pomerantz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pomerantz A (2007) Language and social identity. J Linguist Anthr 17(1):146\u2013148","journal-title":"J Linguist Anthr"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"483_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/1461445605054407","volume":"7","author":"M Bucholtz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bucholtz M, Hall K (2005) Identity and interaction: a sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Stud 7(4\u20135):585\u2013614","journal-title":"Discourse Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"483_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9841.2004.00257.x","volume":"8","author":"N Schilling-Estes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schilling-Estes N (2004) Constructing ethnicity in interaction. J Sociolinguistics 8(2):163\u2013195","journal-title":"J Sociolinguistics"},{"key":"483_CR29","unstructured":"Duranti A (2008) A companion to linguistic anthropology"},{"key":"483_CR30","unstructured":"Goffman E (1959) The presentation of self in everyday life"},{"issue":"4","key":"483_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.4.559","volume":"76","author":"BR Schlenker","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schlenker BR, Britt TW (1999) Beneficial impression management: strategically controlling information to help friends. J Pers Soc Psychol 76(4):559","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"483_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/job.262","volume":"25","author":"S Zivnuska","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zivnuska S, Kacmar KM, Witt LA, Carlson DS, Bratton VK (2004) Interactive effects of impression management and organizational politics on job performance. J Organ Behav 25(5):627\u2013640","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"483_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105.20.3.106","volume":"20","author":"NC Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer NC, Winter S (2008) Impression management 2.0: the relationship of self-esteem, extraversion, self-efficacy, and self-presentation within social networking sites. J Media Psychol 20(3):106\u2013116","journal-title":"J Media Psychol"},{"key":"483_CR34","volume-title":"Rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization theory","author":"JC Turner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Turner JC, Hogg MA, Oakes PJ, Reicher SD, Wetherell MS (1987) Rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell, London"},{"key":"483_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240695","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"CA Lampe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lampe CA, Ellison N, Steinfield C (2007) A familiar face (book) profile elements as signals in an online social network. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp\u00a0435\u2013444"},{"key":"483_CR36","series-title":"WWW \u201922","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1145\/3485447.3511931","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM web conference 2022","author":"S Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan S, Altenburger KM, Wang Y-C, Cheng J (2022) What does perception bias on social networks tell us about friend count satisfaction? In: Proceedings of the ACM web conference 2022. WWW \u201922. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp\u00a02687\u20132695"},{"key":"483_CR37","volume-title":"Nomads of the present: social movements and individual needs in contemporary society","author":"A Melucci","year":"1989","unstructured":"Melucci A, Keane J, Mier P (1989) Nomads of the present: social movements and individual needs in contemporary society. Temple University Press, Philadelphia"},{"issue":"3","key":"483_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2019.0045","volume":"5","author":"OL Haimson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haimson OL, Veinot TC (2020) Coming out to doctors, coming out to \u201ceveryone\u201d: understanding the average sequence of transgender identity disclosures using social media data. Transgend Health 5(3):158\u2013165","journal-title":"Transgend Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"483_CR39","first-page":"108","volume":"17","author":"LC Matthew Costello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matthew Costello LC, Feng Luo HH, Song Liao NV (2021) Covid-19: a pandemic of anti-Asian cyberhate. J Hate Stud 17(1):108\u2013118","journal-title":"J Hate Stud"},{"key":"483_CR40","unstructured":"Ziems C, He B, Soni S, Kumar S (2020) Racism is a virus: anti-asian hate and counterhate in social media during the covid-19 crisis. arXiv:2005.12423"},{"key":"483_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1145\/3465336.3475111","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM conference on hypertext and social media","author":"M Chandra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chandra M, Reddy M, Sehgal S, Gupta S, Buduru AB, Kumaraguru P (2021) \u201ca virus has no religion\u201d: analyzing islamophobia on Twitter during the covid-19 outbreak. In: Proceedings of the 32nd ACM conference on hypertext and social media, pp\u00a067\u201377"},{"issue":"2","key":"483_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1086\/268371","volume":"41","author":"E Noelle-Neumann","year":"1977","unstructured":"Noelle-Neumann E (1977) Turbulences in the climate of opinion: methodological applications of the spiral of silence theory. Public Opin Q 41(2):143\u2013158","journal-title":"Public Opin Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"483_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1089\/1094931041291295","volume":"7","author":"J Suler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Suler J (2004) The online disinhibition effect. CyberPsychol Behav 7(3):321\u2013326. PMID: 15257832","journal-title":"CyberPsychol Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"483_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650215623837","volume":"45","author":"G Neubaum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neubaum G, Kr\u00e4mer NC (2018) What do we fear? Expected sanctions for expressing minority opinions in offline and online communication. Commun Res 45(2):139\u2013164","journal-title":"Commun Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"483_CR45","volume":"8","author":"A Burnett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burnett A, Knighton D, Wilson C (2022) The self-censoring majority: how political identity and ideology impacts willingness to self-censor and fear of isolation in the United States. Soc Media Soc 8(3):20563051221123031","journal-title":"Soc Media Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"483_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650221995314","volume":"49","author":"G Neubaum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neubaum G (2022) \u201cit\u2019s going to be out there for a long time\u201d: the influence of message persistence on users\u2019 political opinion expression in social media. Commun Res 49(3):426\u2013450","journal-title":"Commun Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"483_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2006.09.001","volume":"23","author":"KM Christopherson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Christopherson KM (2007) The positive and negative implications of anonymity in internet social interactions: \u201con the Internet, nobody knows you\u2019re a dog\u201d. Comput Hum Behav 23(6):3038\u20133056","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"483_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672231210465","volume":"0","author":"L Nitschinsk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nitschinsk L, Tobin SJ, Varley D, Vanman EJ (2023) Why do people sometimes wear an anonymous mask? Motivations for seeking anonymity online. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 0:01461672231210465","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"483_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.2.280","volume":"68","author":"K Deaux","year":"1995","unstructured":"Deaux K, Reid A, Mizrahi K, Ethier KA (1995) Parameters of social identity. J Pers Soc Psychol 68(2):280","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"483_CR50","first-page":"1534","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th international conference on computational linguistics","author":"D Preo\u0163iuc-Pietro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Preo\u0163iuc-Pietro D, Ungar L (2018) User-level race and ethnicity predictors from Twitter text. In: Proceedings of the 27th international conference on computational linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Fe, pp\u00a01534\u20131545"},{"key":"483_CR51","unstructured":"Liu Y, Ott M, Goyal N, Du J, Joshi M, Chen D, Levy O, Lewis M, Zettlemoyer L, Stoyanov V (2019) Roberta: a robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1907.11692"},{"key":"483_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.148","volume-title":"Findings of the association for computational linguistics: EMNLP 2020","author":"F Barbieri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barbieri F, Camacho-Collados J, Espinosa Anke L, Neves L (2020) Tweeteval: unified benchmark and comparative evaluation for tweet classification. In: Findings of the association for computational linguistics: EMNLP 2020. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, pp\u00a01644\u20131650"},{"key":"483_CR53","series-title":"WWW \u201923","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1145\/3543507.3583350","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM web conference 2023","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Saha K, Keller B, Isomets\u00e4 ET, Aledavood T (2023) Mental health coping stories on social media: a causal-inference study of papageno effect. In: Proceedings of the ACM web conference 2023. WWW \u201923. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp\u00a02677\u20132685"},{"key":"483_CR54","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media","author":"M Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi M, Jurgens D, Romero DM (2023) Analyzing the engagement of social relationships during life event shocks in social media. In: Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media, vol\u00a017, pp\u00a0149\u2013160"},{"key":"483_CR55","series-title":"CHI \u201923","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"J Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang J, Dotsch R, Triguero Roura M, Liu Y, Silva V, Bos MW, Barbieri F (2023) Reciprocity, homophily, and social network effects in pictorial communication: a case study of bitmoji stickers. In: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. CHI \u201923. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3544548.3580990"},{"key":"483_CR56","first-page":"186","volume":"7","author":"GF Jenks","year":"1967","unstructured":"Jenks GF (1967) The data model concept in statistical mapping. Int Yearb Cartogr 7:186\u2013190","journal-title":"Int Yearb Cartogr"},{"key":"483_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron AC, Trivedi PK (2013) Regression analysis of count data 53","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139013567"},{"issue":"2pt1","key":"483_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2012.01465.x","volume":"48","author":"BA Mark","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mark BA, Harless DW, Spetz J, Reiter KL, Pink GH (2013) California\u2019s minimum nurse staffing legislation: results from a natural experiment. Health Serv Res 48(2pt1):435\u2013454","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"483_CR59","first-page":"65","volume":"6","author":"S Holm","year":"1979","unstructured":"Holm S (1979) A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand J Stat 6:65\u201370","journal-title":"Scand J Stat"},{"key":"483_CR60","first-page":"759","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 59th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and the 11th international joint conference on natural language processing (volume 2: short papers)","author":"F Bianchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bianchi F, Terragni S, Hovy D (2021) Pre-training is a hot topic: contextualized document embeddings improve topic coherence. In: Proceedings of the 59th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and the 11th international joint conference on natural language processing (volume 2: short papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, pp\u00a0759\u2013766"},{"key":"483_CR61","first-page":"1676","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th conference of the European chapter of the association for computational linguistics: main volume","author":"F Bianchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bianchi F, Terragni S, Hovy D, Nozza D, Fersini E (2021) Cross-lingual contextualized topic models with zero-shot learning. In: Proceedings of the 16th conference of the European chapter of the association for computational linguistics: main volume. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, pp\u00a01676\u20131683"},{"key":"483_CR62","first-page":"2376","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 59th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and the 11th international joint conference on natural language processing (volume 1: long papers)","author":"D Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang D, Hovy E (2021) Style is NOT a single variable: case studies for cross-stylistic language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 59th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and the 11th international joint conference on natural language processing (volume 1: long papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, pp\u00a02376\u20132387"},{"key":"483_CR63","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies volume 1 (long papers)","author":"S Rao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rao S, Tetreault J (2018) Dear sir or madam, may I introduce the GYAFC dataset: corpus, benchmarks and metrics for formality style transfer. In: Proceedings of the 2018 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies volume 1 (long papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, New Orleans, pp\u00a0129\u2013140"},{"key":"483_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00083","volume":"4","author":"E Pavlick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pavlick E, Tetreault J (2016) An empirical analysis of formality in online communication. Trans Assoc Comput Linguist 4:61\u201374","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Comput Linguist"},{"key":"483_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aiopen.2023.01.001","volume":"4","author":"R Misra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Misra R, Arora P (2023) Sarcasm detection using news headlines dataset. AI Open 4:13\u201318","journal-title":"AI Open"},{"key":"483_CR66","unstructured":"cjadams, Sorensen J, Elliott J, Dixon L, McDonald M, nithum, Cukierski W (2017) Toxic comment classification challenge. Kaggle. https:\/\/kaggle.com\/competitions\/jigsaw-toxic-comment-classification-challenge"},{"key":"483_CR67","unstructured":"cjadams, Borkan D, inversion, Sorensen J, Dixon L, Vasserman L (2019) nithum: jigsaw unintended bias in toxicity classification. Kaggle. https:\/\/kaggle.com\/competitions\/jigsaw-unintended-bias-in-toxicity-classification"},{"issue":"1","key":"483_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2022.05.005","volume":"40","author":"J Hartmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hartmann J, Heitmann M, Siebert C, Schamp C (2023) More than a feeling: accuracy and application of sentiment analysis. Int J Res Mark 40(1):75\u201387","journal-title":"Int J Res Mark"},{"key":"483_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J (2013) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"issue":"2","key":"483_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12084","volume":"64","author":"E Colleoni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colleoni E, Rozza A, Arvidsson A (2014) Echo chamber or public sphere? Predicting political orientation and measuring political homophily in Twitter using big data. J Commun 64(2):317\u2013332","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"483_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2016.08.011","volume":"143","author":"Y Halberstam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Halberstam Y, Knight B (2016) Homophily, group size, and the diffusion of political information in social networks: evidence from Twitter. J Public Econ 143:73\u201388","journal-title":"J Public Econ"},{"key":"483_CR72","first-page":"534","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media","author":"K Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park K, Kwak H, Song H, Cha M (2020) \u201ctrust me, I have a ph. d.\u201d: a propensity score analysis on the halo effect of disclosing one\u2019s offline social status in online communities. In: Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media, vol\u00a014, pp\u00a0534\u2013544"},{"key":"483_CR73","series-title":"WWW \u201914 companion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1145\/2567948.2577355","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on World Wide Web","author":"W Dong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dong W, Qiu M, Zhu F (2014) Who am I on Twitter? A cross-country comparison. In: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on World Wide Web. WWW \u201914 companion. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp\u00a0253\u2013254"},{"issue":"9","key":"483_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816642210","volume":"19","author":"H Liang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liang H, Shen F, Fu K-W (2017) Privacy protection and self-disclosure across societies: a study of global Twitter users. New Media Soc 19(9):1476\u20131497","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"483_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.10.009","volume":"54","author":"G Seidman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seidman G (2013) Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: how personality influences social media use and motivations. Pers Individ Differ 54(3):402\u2013407","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"issue":"11","key":"483_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2015.1067479","volume":"31","author":"JV Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen JV, Widjaja AE, Yen DC (2015) Need for affiliation, need for popularity, self-esteem, and the moderating effect of big five personality traits affecting individuals\u2019 self-disclosure on Facebook. Int J Hum-Comput Interact 31(11):815\u2013831","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Interact"}],"container-title":["EPJ Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-024-00483-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-024-00483-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-024-00483-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T08:32:06Z","timestamp":1719563526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epjdatascience.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-024-00483-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-024-00483-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-1127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-1127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"45"}}