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It takes the perspective of a single user (Ego) and organises their contacts (Alters) into a series of (typically 5) concentric circles of decreasing intimacy and increasing size. Alters are sorted based on their tie strength to the Ego, however, this is difficult to measure directly. Traditionally, the interaction frequency has been used as a proxy but this misses the qualitative aspects of connections, such as signs (i.e. polarity), which have been shown to provide extremely useful information. However, the sign of an online social relationship is usually an implicit piece of information, which needs to be estimated by interaction data from Online Social Networks (OSNs), making sign prediction in OSNs a research challenge in and of itself. This work aims to bring the ENM into the signed networks domain by investigating the interplay of signed connections with the ENM. This paper delivers 2 main contributions. Firstly, a new and data-efficient method of signing relationships between individuals using sentiment analysis and, secondly, we provide an in-depth look at the properties of Signed Ego Networks (SENs), using 9 Twitter datasets of various categories of users. We find that negative connections are generally over-represented in the active part of the Ego Networks, suggesting that Twitter greatly over-emphasises negative relationships with respect to \u201coffline\u201d social networks. Further, users who use social networks for professional reasons have an even greater share of negative connections. Despite this, we also found weak signs that less negative users tend to allocate more cognitive effort to <jats:italic>individual<\/jats:italic> relationships and thus have smaller ego networks on average. All in all, even though <jats:italic>structurally<\/jats:italic> ENMs are known to be similar in both offline and online social networks, our results indicate that relationships on Twitter tend to nurture more negativity than offline contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-024-00485-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T11:14:45Z","timestamp":1723202085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Keep your friends close, and your enemies closer: structural properties of negative relationships on Twitter"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4119-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Tacchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Boldrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Passarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02734142","volume":"6","author":"RI Dunbar","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dunbar RI, Spoors M (1995) Social networks, support cliques, and kinship. 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In addition the Acknowledgments and Funding sections contained errors.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2025","order":7,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":8,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00526-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00526-0","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"55"}}