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With a global view of 70,311,541 messages we examined the sentiment, keywords and hashtags utilised, as well as the correlations between sentiment and both socioeconomic and environmental variables. In addition to the above, we carried out an in-depth analysis of the global interactions network (retweets, replies and quotes), with a special focus on the study of the community network (CNET) (with 4576 supernodes, and 9855 links). The sentiment shown in the text of the tweets was positive over the years in all analysed locations, although close to neutral. Keyword analysis detected terms present in tweets posted from various regions, showing global thinking in the world. The relationships between sentiment and variables examined were continent- and country-specific, identifying a stronger correlation with socioeconomic attributes. Regarding CNET, according to the study performed using adjacency and laplacian embeddings, as well as Chebyshev, Euclidean, Minkowski, and Manhattan distances, pairs of unconnected supernodes appeared to have more similarity in their connection patterns than pairs of connected supernodes, due to the topological structure of CNET which has a large number of peripheral nodes that are not connected to each other, but are connected to nodes with higher centrality. In agreement with the Jaccard coefficient, resource allocation index, Adamic Adar index, and preferential attachment score, there is little possibility of link formation between supernodes. Statistically the supernodes also exhibited high topological similarity. A few specific supernodes host most of the users, showing the highest centralities among those analysed. The basic structure of CNET, which maintained its key properties, was also examined. Strategies that promote communication between supernodes to achieve greater participation and diversity in discussions need to be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00545-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T13:41:14Z","timestamp":1744897274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Holistic approach to analysing debates on ecological sustainability over time on X"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"G\u00f3mez S\u00e1nchez-Seco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Luz","family":"Mouronte-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42949-021-00032-y","volume":"1","author":"H Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang H, Sun Z, Guo H, Weng Q (2021) An assessment of urbanization sustainability in China between 1990 and 2015 using land use efficiency indicators. npj Urban Sustain 1:34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42949-021-00032-y","journal-title":"npj Urban Sustain"},{"key":"545_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63657-6","volume":"10","author":"M Bologna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bologna M, Aquino G (2020) Deforestation and world population sustainability: a quantitative analysis. 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The following packages were utilised caret [, ] and stats [] packages. (2) to carry out the Keywords analysis, where the packages udpipe [, ] and igraph [\u2013] were used. (3) Plotting of graphs, the package ggplot2 [, ] was applied.(4) To study the networks, to calculate embeddings and related metrics. The following packages were utilised: dplyr [], data.table [], parallel [], Rfast [\u2013], igraph [\u2013], iGraphMatch [], fastnet [, ], multivariance [\u2013], proxy [], abdiv [], plyr [], matrix [], stats [], stringr [] (5) To plot histograms. The following packages were used: ggplot2 [, ], patchwork [], scales []. (6) Other utilised packages: zoo [, ], ggpubr [], purrr [], tidyverse [], rstatix [], quanteda [], car [, ], caTools [], GGally [], glmnet [\u2013], MASS [, ], sqldf [], sjmisc [, ], reshape2 [], FactoMineR [, ], Factoextra [], splus2R [], astsa [\u2013], magrittr [], lubridate [, ], tseries [], openair [, ], jsonlite, [, ], tm [\u2013], tmap [], NLP[], OpenNLP [], gtools [], tnet [, ], xml2 [], SnowballC [], base [].Several functionalities were developed using Python language, they were: (1) To prepare the tweets for analysis, where the following packages were utilised: TextBlob [], emoji [], demoji [], stop-words [], nltk [, ]. (2) To build and study the interaction networks, where networkx [, ], pickle [, ] and copy [] were used. (3) Identification of the CNET skeleton, comparison of filters for obtaining it, and metrics analysis where netbone [] was used. (4) General uses, where os [], numpy [], matplotlib [], itertools [, ], csv [, ] and pandas [\u2013] were applied. (5) Other utilised packages: warnings [], operator [], sys [], regex [], glob [], random [], dask [], cdlib [, ], collections [], seaborn [, ], subprocess [], re [], pyvis [].In addition to the above we use the software provided in [\u2013].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Software programs"}},{"value":"The research complied with all the relevant national regulations.We only used public tweets. Terms of Use, Reproduction, and Citation of WorldBank|Data|Indicators repository [] can be found here: . World Bank Group makes data available according open data standards and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY 4.0).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"There is consent from the authors to participate in the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"There is consent to the publication of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31"}}