{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:28:44Z","timestamp":1773329324280,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Data Sci."],"DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00579-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T13:26:57Z","timestamp":1755264417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Selective agreement, not sycophancy: investigating opinion dynamics in LLM interactions"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Erica","family":"Cau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Pansanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dino","family":"Pedreschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Rossetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"579_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2012-01697-8","volume":"214","author":"R Conte","year":"2012","unstructured":"Conte R, Gilbert N, Bonelli G, Cioffi-Revilla C, Deffuant G, Kertesz J, Loreto V, Moat S, Nadal J-P, Sanchez A, et al. (2012) Manifesto of computational social science. Eur Phys J Spec Top 214:325\u2013346","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Spec Top"},{"key":"579_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16624-2_20","volume-title":"Handbook of computational social science for policy","author":"JA Tucker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tucker JA (2023) Computational social science for policy and quality of democracy: public opinion, hate speech, misinformation, and foreign influence campaigns. In: Handbook of computational social science for policy, pp\u00a0381\u2013403"},{"key":"579_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.130609","volume":"31","author":"L Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li L, Scaglione A, Swami A, Zhao Q (2013) Consensus, polarization and clustering of opinions in social networks. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 31:1072\u20131083","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"579_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5381","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2023.3268758","volume":"53","author":"E Biondi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biondi E, Boldrini C, Passarella A, Conti M (2023) Dynamics of opinion polarization. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 53(9):5381\u20135392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSMC.2023.3268758","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"579_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10032","volume":"5","author":"M Ramos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramos M, Shao J, Reis SDS, Anteneodo C, Andrade JS, Havlin S, Makse HA (2015) How does public opinion become extreme? Sci Rep 5(1):10032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep10032","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"579_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1103\/revmodphys.81.591","volume":"81","author":"C Castellano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Castellano C, Fortunato S, Loreto V (2009) Statistical physics of social dynamics. Rev Mod Phys 81(2):591\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/revmodphys.81.591","journal-title":"Rev Mod Phys"},{"key":"579_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1974.10480137","volume":"69","author":"M Degroot","year":"1974","unstructured":"Degroot M (1974) Reaching a consensus. J Am Stat Assoc 69:118\u2013121","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"01n04","key":"579_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219525900000078","volume":"3","author":"G Deffuant","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deffuant G, Neau D, Amblard F, Weisbuch G (2000) Mixing beliefs among interacting agents. Adv Complex Syst 3(01n04):87\u201398","journal-title":"Adv Complex Syst"},{"key":"579_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256922","volume":"16","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen X, Tsaparas P, Lijffijt J, Bie TD (2021) Opinion dynamics with backfire effect and biased assimilation. PLoS ONE 16:e0256922","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"579_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1145\/3394486.3403119","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining","author":"C Monti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monti C, De Francisci Morales G, Bonchi F (2020) Learning opinion dynamics from social traces. In: Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining, pp\u00a0764\u2013773"},{"key":"579_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-010-9112-2","volume":"32","author":"B Nyhan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nyhan B, Reifler J (2010) When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions. Polit Behav 32:303\u2013330","journal-title":"Polit Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"579_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099557","volume":"9","author":"AE Allahverdyan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allahverdyan AE, Galstyan A (2014) Opinion dynamics with confirmation bias. PLoS ONE 9(7):99557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0099557","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"579_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.649852","volume":"9","author":"L Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu L, Wang X, Chen X, Tang S, Zheng Z (2021) Modeling confirmation bias and peer pressure in opinion dynamics. Front Phys 9:649852","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"579_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213246","volume":"14","author":"A S\u00eerbu","year":"2019","unstructured":"S\u00eerbu A, Pedreschi D, Giannotti F, Kert\u00e9sz J (2019) Algorithmic bias amplifies opinion fragmentation and polarization: a bounded confidence model. PLoS ONE 14:e0213246","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"579_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39725-y","volume":"13","author":"V Pansanella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pansanella V, S\u00eerbu A, Kertesz J, Rossetti G (2023) Mass media impact on opinion evolution in biased digital environments: a bounded confidence model. Sci Rep 13(1):14600","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"579_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21720-4","volume":"12","author":"C Monti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monti C, Aiello LM, De Francisci Morales G, Bonchi F (2022) The language of opinion change on social media under the lens of communicative action. Sci Rep 12(1):17920","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"579_CR17","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology","author":"JS Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park JS, Popowski L, Cai C, Morris MR, Liang P, Bernstein MS (2022) Social simulacra: creating populated prototypes for social computing systems. In: Proceedings of the 35th annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology, pp\u00a01\u201318"},{"key":"579_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park JS, Zou CQ, Shaw A, Hill BM, Cai C, Morris MR, Willer R, Liang P, Bernstein MS (2024) Generative agent simulations of 1,000 people. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2411.10109","DOI":"10.1145\/3586183.3606763"},{"issue":"4","key":"579_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1017\/s0140525x00076512","volume":"1","author":"D Premack","year":"1978","unstructured":"Premack D, Woodruff G (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav Brain Sci 1(4):515\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0140525x00076512","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"579_CR20","unstructured":"Kosinski M (2023) Theory of mind may have spontaneously emerged in large language models. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2302.02083"},{"key":"579_CR21","unstructured":"Street W, Siy JO, Keeling G, Baranes A, Barnett B, McKibben M, Kanyere T, Lentz A, Dunbar RI, et al (2024) Llms achieve adult human performance on higher-order theory of mind tasks. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2405.18870"},{"key":"579_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li H, Chong YQ, Stepputtis S, Campbell J, Hughes D, Lewis M, Sycara K (2023) Theory of mind for multi-agent collaboration via large language models. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2310.10701","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.13"},{"key":"579_CR23","unstructured":"Ullman T (2023) Large language models fail on trivial alterations to theory-of-mind tasks. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2302.08399"},{"key":"579_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.248","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing","author":"M Sap","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sap M, Le Bras R, Fried D, Choi Y (2022) Neural theory-of-mind? On the limits of social intelligence in large LMs. In: Goldberg Y, Kozareva Z, Zhang Y (eds) Proceedings of the 2022 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, vol\u00a0248. Association for Computational Linguistics, Abu Dhabi, pp\u00a03762\u20133780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.248. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2022.emnlp-main"},{"key":"579_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10438","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.663","volume-title":"Findings of the association for computational linguistics: ACL 2023","author":"N Shapira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shapira N, Zwirn G, Goldberg Y (2023) How well do large language models perform on faux pas tests? In: Rogers A, Boyd-Graber J, Okazaki N (eds) Findings of the association for computational linguistics: ACL 2023. Association for Computational Linguistics, Toronto, pp\u00a010438\u201310451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.663"},{"key":"579_CR26","unstructured":"De Marzo G, Pietronero L, Garcia D (2023) Emergence of scale-free networks in social interactions among large language models. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2312.06619"},{"key":"579_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao C, Lan X, Lu Z, Mao J, Piao J, Wang H, Jin D, Li Y (2023) S3: social-network simulation system with large language model-empowered agents. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2307.14984","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4607026"},{"issue":"20","key":"579_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu9368","volume":"11","author":"AF Ashery","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ashery AF, Aiello LM, Baronchelli A (2025) Emergent social conventions and collective bias in LLM populations. Sci Adv 11(20):9368","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"579_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mou X, Wei Z, Huang X (2024) Unveiling the truth and facilitating change: towards agent-based large-scale social movement simulation. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2402.16333","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.285"},{"key":"579_CR30","first-page":"3913","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st international conference on computational linguistics","author":"C Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang C, Liu Z, Yang D, Chen X (2025) Decoding echo chambers: LLM-powered simulations revealing polarization in social networks. In: Proceedings of the 31st international conference on computational linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, Abu Dhabi, pp\u00a03913\u20133923. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2025.coling-main.264\/"},{"key":"579_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang Y-S, Goyal A, Harlalka N, Suresh S, Hawkins R, Yang S, Shah D, Hu J, Rogers TT (2023) Simulating opinion dynamics with networks of LLM-based agents. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2311.09618","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-naacl.211"},{"key":"579_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breum SM, Egdal DV, Mortensen VG, M\u00f8ller AG, Aiello LM (2023) The persuasive power of large language models. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2312.15523","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v18i1.31304"},{"key":"579_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flamino J, Modi MS, Szymanski BK, Cross B, Mikolajczyk C (2024) Limits of large language models in debating humans. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2402.06049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98378-1"},{"issue":"9","key":"579_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3654660","volume":"56","author":"P Priya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Priya P, Firdaus M, Ekbal A (2024) Computational politeness in natural language processing: a survey. ACM Comput Surv 56(9):241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3654660","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"579_CR35","unstructured":"T\u00f6rnberg P, Valeeva D, Uitermark J, Bail C (2023) Simulating social media using large language models to evaluate alternative news feed algorithms. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2310.05984"},{"key":"579_CR36","unstructured":"Cheng M, Yu S, Lee C, Khadpe P, Ibrahim L, Jurafsky D (2025) Social sycophancy: a broader understanding of LLM sycophancy. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2505.13995"},{"key":"579_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taubenfeld A, Dover Y, Reichart R, Goldstein A (2024) Systematic biases in LLM simulations of debates. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2402.04049","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.16"},{"key":"579_CR38","unstructured":"Fanous A, Goldberg J, Agarwal AA, Lin J, Zhou A, Daneshjou R, Koyejo S (2025) Syceval: evaluating LLM sycophancy. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2502.08177"},{"key":"579_CR39","unstructured":"Ranaldi L, Pucci G (2023) When large language models contradict humans? Large language models\u2019 sycophantic behaviour. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2311.09410"},{"key":"579_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData62323.2024.10825538","volume-title":"2024 IEEE international conference on big data (BigData)","author":"AA Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan AA, Alam S, Wang X, Khan AF, Neog DR, Anwar A (2024) Mitigating sycophancy in large language models via direct preference optimization. In: 2024 IEEE international conference on big data (BigData). IEEE, pp\u00a01664\u20131671"},{"key":"579_CR41","first-page":"337","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning","author":"GV Aher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aher GV, Arriaga RI, Kalai AT (2023) Using large language models to simulate multiple humans and replicate human subject studies. In: International conference on machine learning, pp\u00a0337\u2013371. PMLR"},{"key":"579_CR42","unstructured":"Payandeh A, Pluth D, Hosier J, Xiao X, Gurbani VK (2023) How susceptible are LLMs to logical fallacies?"},{"key":"579_CR43","first-page":"55","volume":"22 140","author":"R Likert","year":"1932","unstructured":"Likert R (1932) A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch Psychol 22 140:55","journal-title":"Arch Psychol"},{"key":"579_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-naacl.211","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2024","author":"Y-S Chuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chuang Y-S, Goyal A, Harlalka N, Suresh S, Hawkins R, Yang S, Shah D, Hu J, Rogers T (2024) Simulating opinion dynamics with networks of LLM-based agents. In: Duh K, Gomez H, Bethard S (eds) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2024. Association for Computational Linguistics, Mexico City, pp\u00a03326\u20133346. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2024.findings-naacl.211"},{"key":"579_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.1986.9990008","volume":"12","author":"NE Friedkin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Friedkin NE (1986) A formal theory of social power. J Math Sociol 12:103\u2013126","journal-title":"J Math Sociol"},{"key":"579_CR46","unstructured":"Hegselmann R, Krause U (2002) Opinion dynamics and bounded confidence: models, analysis and simulation. J Artif Soc Soc Simul 5"},{"key":"579_CR47","unstructured":"Ju D, Williams A, Karrer B, Nickel M (2024) Sense and sensitivity: evaluating the simulation of social dynamics via large language models. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2412.05093"},{"key":"579_CR48","unstructured":"Jiang AQ, Sablayrolles A, Mensch A, Bamford C, Chaplot DS, Casas D, Bressand F, Lengyel G, Lample G, Saulnier L, Lavaud LR, Lachaux M-A, Stock P, Scao TL, Lavril T, Wang T, Lacroix T, Sayed WE (2023). Mistral 7B. arXiv preprint. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.06825"},{"key":"579_CR49","unstructured":"Dubey A, Jauhri A, Pandey A, Kadian A, Al-Dahle A, Letman A, Mathur A, Schelten A, Yang A, Fan A, et al (2024) The Llama 3 herd of models. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2407.21783"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"579_CR50","first-page":"28","volume":"34","author":"BL Welch","year":"1947","unstructured":"Welch BL (1947) The generalization of \u2018student\u2019s\u2019problem when several different population varlances are involved. Biometrika 34(1\u20132):28\u201335","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"579_CR51","unstructured":"Microsoft: Microsoft\/autogen. https:\/\/github.com\/microsoft\/autogen. Accessed 2025-02-13"},{"key":"579_CR52","first-page":"166","volume-title":"International conference on complex networks and their applications","author":"E Cau","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cau E, Failla A, Rossetti G (2024) Bots of a feather: mixing biases in LLMs\u2019 opinion dynamics. In: International conference on complex networks and their applications. Springer, Berlin, pp\u00a0166\u2013176"},{"key":"579_CR53","unstructured":"Manabat BK q3fer\/distilbert-base-fallacy-classification \u22c5 hugging face. https:\/\/huggingface.co\/q3fer\/distilbert-base-fallacy-classification. Accessed 2025-02-12"},{"key":"579_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin Z, Lalwani A, Vaidhya T, Shen X, Ding Y, Lyu Z, Sachan M, Mihalcea R, Sch\u00f6lkopf B (2022) Logical fallacy detection. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2202.13758","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-emnlp.532"},{"key":"579_CR55","series-title":"Pearson custom library","volume-title":"Introduction to logic","author":"IM Copi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Copi IM, Cohen C, MacMahon K (2013) Introduction to logic, 14 edn. Pearson custom library. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River","edition":"14"},{"key":"579_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25658-0_17","volume-title":"Participatory sensing, opinions and collective awareness","author":"A S\u00eerbu","year":"2017","unstructured":"S\u00eerbu A, Loreto V, Servedio VD, Tria F (2017) Opinion dynamics: models, extensions and external effects. In: Participatory sensing, opinions and collective awareness. Springer, Cham, pp\u00a0363\u2013401"},{"key":"579_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106244","volume":"167","author":"O Oviedo-Trespalacios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Peden AE, Cole-Hunter T, Costantini A, Haghani M, Rod JE, Kelly S, Torkamaan H, Tariq A, Newton JDA, Gallagher T, Steinert S, Filtness AJ, Reniers G (2023) The risks of using chatgpt to obtain common safety-related information and advice. Saf Sci 167:106244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106244","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"579_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang D, Liang J, Jiang G, He Q, Xiao Y, Yang D (2024) Reason from fallacy: enhancing large language models\u2019 logical reasoning through logical fallacy understanding. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2404.04293","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-naacl.192"},{"key":"579_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouchel L, Paul D, Cui S, West R, Bosselut A, Faltings B (2024) A logical fallacy-informed framework for argument generation. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2408.03618","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.naacl-long.374"},{"key":"579_CR60","unstructured":"Cava LL, Tagarelli A (2024) Open models, closed minds? On agents capabilities in mimicking human personalities through open large language models. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2401.07115"},{"key":"579_CR61","unstructured":"Huang J-T, Lam MH, Li EJ, Ren S, Wang W, Jiao W, Tu Z, Lyu MR (2024) Emotionally numb or empathetic? Evaluating how LLMs feel using EmotionBench. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2308.03656"},{"key":"579_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency","author":"EM Bender","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bender EM, Gebru T, McMillan-Major A, Shmitchell S (2021) On the dangers of stochastic parrots: can language models be too big? In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency, pp\u00a0610\u2013623"},{"key":"579_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao Y, Zhou L, Lee S, Cabello L, Chen M, Hershcovich D (2023) Assessing cross-cultural alignment between ChatGPT and human societies: an empirical study. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2303.17466","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.c3nlp-1.7"},{"key":"579_CR64","unstructured":"Masoud RI, Liu Z, Ferianc M, Treleaven P, Rodrigues M (2023) Cultural alignment in large language models: an explanatory analysis based on Hofstede\u2019s cultural dimensions. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2309.12342"},{"issue":"2","key":"579_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1515\/jtc-2023-0019","volume":"3","author":"Z Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Z (2025) Cultural bias in large language models: a comprehensive analysis and mitigation strategies. J Transcult Commun 3(2):224\u2013244","journal-title":"J Transcult Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"579_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae346","volume":"3","author":"Y Tao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tao Y, Viberg O, Baker RS, Kizilcec RF (2024) Cultural bias and cultural alignment of large language models. PNAS Nexus 3(9):346","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"579_CR67","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"D Agarwal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Agarwal D, Naaman M, Vashistha A (2025) Ai suggestions homogenize writing toward western styles and diminish cultural nuances. In: Proceedings of the 2025 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp\u00a01\u201321"},{"key":"579_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-demo.15","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing: system demonstrations","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Z, Chiu YY, Chiu YC (2023) Humanoid agents: platform for simulating human-like generative agents. In: Feng Y, Lefever E (eds) Proceedings of the 2023 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing: system demonstrations. Association for Computational Linguistics, Singapore, pp\u00a0167\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-demo.15. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2023.emnlp-demo.15\/"},{"key":"579_CR69","unstructured":"Piao J, Lu Z, Gao C, Xu F, Santos FP, Li Y, Evans J (2025) Emergence of human-like polarization among large language model agents. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2501.05171"},{"key":"579_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-0178-3_5","volume-title":"Knowledge and systems sciences","author":"W Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng W, Tang X (2025) Simulating social network with LLM agents: an analysis of information propagation and echo chambers. In: Tang X, Huynh VN, Xia H, Bai Q (eds) Knowledge and systems sciences. Springer, Berlin, pp\u00a063\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-96-0178-3_5"}],"container-title":["EPJ Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00579-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00579-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00579-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T14:40:13Z","timestamp":1757428813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epjdatascience.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00579-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00579-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-1127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-1127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"59"}}