{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T09:54:49Z","timestamp":1762250089842,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Data Sci."],"DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00591-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T09:50:37Z","timestamp":1762249837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying the risk of pastoral conflict in 4 central African countries"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lirika","family":"Sola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youdinghuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha K.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. S.","family":"Subrahmanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"591_CR1","unstructured":"Bakano O (2011) Grotto Galleries Show Early Somali Life. Available via AFP. https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2011-04-grotto-galleries-early-somali-life.html. Accessed 25 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR2","unstructured":"Abdullahi A (n.d.) The history of the Somali Peninsula: from ancient times to the medieval Islamic period. Available via ACADEMIA. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/30695544\/THE_HISTORY_OF_THE_SOMALI_PENINSULA_FROM_ANCIENT_TIMES_TO_THE_MEDIEVAL_ISLAMIC_PERIOD. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.7202\/1088263ar","volume":"74","author":"N Sandridge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sandridge N, Esposito J (2022) Leadership as herding in xenophon. Sci Esprit 74(2):181\u2013203","journal-title":"Sci Esprit"},{"key":"591_CR4","volume-title":"Shepherds after my own heart: pastoral traditions and leadership in the Bible","author":"TS Laniak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laniak TS (2015) Shepherds after my own heart: pastoral traditions and leadership in the Bible, vol\u00a020"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9655.2005.00240.x","volume":"11","author":"S Jones","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jones S (2005) Transhumance re-examined. J R Anthr Inst 11(2):357\u2013359","journal-title":"J R Anthr Inst"},{"key":"591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McGuirk EF, Nunn N (2020) Transhumant Pastoralism, Climate Change, and Conflict in Africa. Series, National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper. https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w28243, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w28243","DOI":"10.3386\/w28243"},{"key":"591_CR7","unstructured":"Hagmann T, Mulugeta A (2008) Pastoral Conflicts and State-Building in the Ethiopian Lowlands. Afr Spectr, 19\u201337"},{"key":"591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-023-00267-7","volume":"13","author":"BM Burka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burka BM, Roro AG, Regasa DT (2023) Dynamics of pastoral conflicts in eastern Rift Valley of Ethiopia: contested boundaries, state projects and small arms. Pastoralism 13:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13570-023-00267-7","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"591_CR9","unstructured":"OpenStreetMap contributors (2024) OpenStreetMap Foundation. Available as open data under the Open Data Commons Open Database License. (ODbL) at openstreetmap.org"},{"key":"591_CR10","unstructured":"Huchon J, Evaliste Jiagho R, Bleu DD, Epanda M (2021) Transhumant Pastoralism and Protected Areas in Central Africa: from Conflict to Peaceful Coexistence. EU Science Hub. Available via https:\/\/joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu\/index_en. Accessed, 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akinyetun TS, Ogunbodede NE (2023) Conflict Weather: climate Change as a Driver of Pastoralist Conflicts in the Lake Chad Region. J Polit 9(1). https:\/\/scholarhub.ui.ac.id\/politik\/vol9\/iss1\/2\/. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7454\/jp.v9I1.1142","DOI":"10.7454\/jp.v9I1.1142"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-019-0150-z","volume":"9","author":"MD Turner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turner MD, Schlecht E (2019) Livestock mobility in sub-Saharan Africa: a critical review. Pastoralism 9(1):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13570-019-0150-z","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"591_CR13","unstructured":"Chad | SPARC-Knowledge (n.d.) Available via SPARC-Knowledge. https:\/\/www.sparc-knowledge.org\/regions\/africa\/chad. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR14","unstructured":"Osuoka I, Haruna A (2019) Boiling over: global Warming, Hunger and Violence in the Lake Chad Basin. Available via Social Development Integrated Centre. https:\/\/devp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Boiling_over_report_2019_EN.pdf. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR15","unstructured":"Cameroon: managing Pastoral Resources for the Improvement of Livelihoods and Resilience of Local Communities in the Far North, North, Adamawa and East Regions (2023) Available via World Bank. https:\/\/projects.worldbank.org\/en\/results\/2023\/03\/08\/cameroon-managing-pastoral-resources-for-improvement-of-livelihoods-and-resilience-local-communities. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR16","unstructured":"AfricaNews (2021) The Central African Republic\u2019s Cattle Market is a Pillar of the Economy. Available via Africanews. https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2021\/10\/04\/the-central-african-republic-s-cattle-market-is-a-pillar-of-the-economy\/. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barwani DK, Nyambune Maindi C, Bashizi Bacigale S, Musale Katunga D, Gicheha MG, Maina Osuga I (2023) Smallholder Cattle Farmers\u2019 Perceptions, Adoption Potential, and Utilization of Trees and Shrubs as Livestock Feeds in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Agric Sustain 21(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14735903.2023.2219910","DOI":"10.1080\/14735903.2023.2219910"},{"key":"591_CR18","unstructured":"Crisis Group (2014) The Security Challenges of Pastoralism in Central Africa. Available via Crisis Group. https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/security-challenges-pastoralism-central-africa. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7679.00094","volume":"17","author":"K Hussein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hussein K, Sumberg J, Seddon D (2002) Increasing violent conflict between herders and farmers in Africa: claims and evidence. Dev Policy Rev 17(4):397\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-7679.00094","journal-title":"Dev Policy Rev"},{"key":"591_CR20","unstructured":"Kendrick C, Sanders L (2024) Don\u2019t Call It Farmer-Herder Conflict - the SAIS Review of International Affairs. Available via the SAIS Review of International Affairs. https:\/\/saisreview.sais.jhu.edu\/dont-call-it-farmer-herder-conflict\/. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR21","unstructured":"Nassef M, Eba B, Islam K, Djohy G, Flintan FE (n.d.) Causes of Farmer\u2013Herder Conflicts in Africa: a Systematic Scoping Review. Available via SPARC-KNOWLEDGE. https:\/\/www.sparc-knowledge.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/resources\/causes-of-farmer-herder-conflicts_-report.pdf. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Musa SS, Bouri Ela T, Manirambona E, Shomuyiwa DO, Haruna UA, Lucero-Prisno III DE, Muhammad A (2022) How Climate Change and Insecurity Pushed 5 Million People to Hunger in Chad, Africa. Public Health Chall 1(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/puh2.47","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.47"},{"issue":"7","key":"591_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-016-0805-6","volume":"45","author":"UT Okpara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Okpara UT, Stringer LC, Dougill AJ (2016) Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in lake chad: unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses. Ambio 45(7):781\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-016-0805-6","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"591_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343311426165","volume":"49","author":"C Hendrix","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hendrix C, Salehyan I (2012) Climate change, rainfall, and social conflict in Africa. J Peace Res 49:35\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022343311426165","journal-title":"J Peace Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62417-w","volume":"10","author":"B Pham-Duc","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pham-Duc B, Sylvestre F, Papa F, Frappart F, Bouchez C, Cr\u00e9taux J-F (2020) The lake chad hydrology under current climate change. Sci Rep 10(1):5498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-62417-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"591_CR26","unstructured":"University of Exeter Design Studio (2023) 2.4.4.5 Shrinkage of Lake Chad, Tipping points impacts. Available via Global Tipping Points. https:\/\/report-2023.global-tipping-points.org\/section2\/2-tipping-point-impacts\/2-4-cascades-of-tipping-in-impacts\/2-4-4-case-phenomena-exemplifying-tipping-cascades\/2-4-4-5-shrinkage-of-lake-chad\/. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR27","unstructured":"Eberle UJ, Rohner D, Thoenig M (2020) Heat and Hate, Climate Security and Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Africa. Empirical Studies of Conflict Project (ESOC) Working Papers 22. Empirical Studies of Conflict Project"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR28","first-page":"101","volume":"40","author":"M Moritz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moritz M (2006) The politics of permanent conflict: farmer-herder conflicts in Northern Cameroon. Can J Afr Stud 40(1):101\u2013126. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25433868. Accessed 22 Mar. 2025","journal-title":"Can J Afr Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11648\/j.larp.20160101.11","volume":"1","author":"BS Nguh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nguh BS, Fang Zeh A (2016) Land use dynamics and agro-pastoral conflicts in menchum division, Cameroon. Landsc Archit Reg Plann 1(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.larp.20160101.11","journal-title":"Landsc Archit Reg Plann"},{"key":"591_CR30","volume-title":"Climate, peace and security fact sheet: Central African Republic","author":"CH de Coning","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Coning CH, Rosvold EL, Funnemark A, Ali A, Krampe F, Seyuba K, Tarif K, Hegazi F (2022) Climate, peace and security fact sheet: Central African Republic. Available via NUPI https:\/\/www.nupi.no\/en\/publications\/cristin-pub\/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-central-african-republic. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Central African Republic (2022) Available via UN OCHA. https:\/\/reports.unocha.org\/en\/country\/car\/card\/1FnuvE1InD\/. Accessed 22 March 2025","DOI":"10.5089\/9798400201837.002"},{"key":"591_CR32","unstructured":"Mobj\u00f6rk M, Gustafsson MT, Sonnsj\u00f6 H, van Baalen S, Dellmuth LM, Bremberg N (2016) Climate-Related Security Risks: towards an Integrated Approach. Available via SIPRI. https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/publications\/2016\/climate-related-security-risks. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR33","volume-title":"Analysis of conflict and peacebuilding in the Central African Republic","author":"Conciliation Resources","year":"2015","unstructured":"Conciliation Resources (2015) Analysis of conflict and peacebuilding in the Central African Republic. Available via Conciliation Resources. https:\/\/www.c-r.org\/resource\/analysis-conflict-and-peacebuilding-central-african-republic. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-024-02210-x","volume":"24","author":"P Wennstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wennstr\u00f6m P (2024) Cattle, conflict, and climate variability: explaining pastoralist conflict intensity in the Karamoja region of Uganda. Reg Environ Change 24(2):54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10113-024-02210-x","journal-title":"Reg Environ Change"},{"key":"591_CR35","volume-title":"Climate change impacts on indigenous peoples of the DRC, UNDP climate change adaptation","author":"T Le Pivain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Pivain T, Pisano M (2020) Climate change impacts on indigenous peoples of the DRC, UNDP climate change adaptation. Available via UNDP. https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/climate-change-impacts-indigenous-peoples-drc. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR36","unstructured":"Andersson J (2023) Climate-Related Security Risks in Eastern DRC, Folke Bernadotteakademin. Available vias https:\/\/fba.se\/om-fba\/publikationer\/climate-related-security--risks-in-eastern-drc\/. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR37","unstructured":"Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED). Available via https:\/\/acleddata.com\/about-acled\/. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essoungou AM (2013) The Sahel: one Region, Many Crises, Africa Renewal Available via United Nations. https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/december-2013\/sahel-one-region-many-crises. Accessed 22 March 2025","DOI":"10.18356\/982a70b2-en"},{"key":"591_CR39","unstructured":"Humanitarian Action (2024) Regional Focus: central Sahel. Available via https:\/\/humanitarianaction.info\/article\/regional-focus-central-sahel. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Central African Republic, UN OCHA (2024) Available via https:\/\/reports.unocha.org\/en\/country\/car\/. Accessed 22 March 2025","DOI":"10.5089\/9798400282171.002"},{"key":"591_CR41","unstructured":"Bleeds D (2006) Recent Cross-Border Violence in Chad, Human Rights Watch. Available via https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/legacy\/backgrounder\/africa\/chad0206\/chad0206.htm. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR42","unstructured":"Crisis Group (2024) Chad: breaking the Cycle of Farmer-Herder Violence. Available via https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/b199-tchad-rompre-le-cycle-des-violences-agropastorales. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR43","unstructured":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center (LaRC) Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) Project - Overview (2023) NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program. Available via https:\/\/gis.earthdata.nasa.gov\/portal\/home\/item.html?id=b290936d62984f9ba2dec032945e7db2. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR44","unstructured":"Hort Americas (2021) Leaf Area Index: definition and Importance in Crop Production, Available via https:\/\/hortamericas.com\/blog\/leaf-area-index-definition-and-importance-in-crop-production\/. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"591_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111121","volume":"9","author":"K Jia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jia K, Li Y, Liang S, Wei X, Yao Y (2017) Combining estimation of green vegetation fraction in an arid region from landsat 7 ETM+ data. Remote Sens 9(11):1121. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/11\/1121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9111121","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"591_CR46","unstructured":"Moisture S (n.d.) Copernicus Land Monitoring Service. Available via https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/en\/products\/soil-moisture. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR47","unstructured":"Cherlinka V (2023) Soil Temperature for Optimal Crop Growth and Development. EOS. Available via https:\/\/eos.com\/blog\/soil-temperature\/. Accessed by 22 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR48","unstructured":"GCOS | WMO (n.d.) Evaporation from Land Essential Climate Variable (ECV) Factsheet. Available via https:\/\/gcos.wmo.int\/en\/essential-climate-variables\/evaporation. Accessed 22 March 2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"591_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_94_19","volume":"22","author":"P Mishra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mishra P, Singh U, Pandey CM, Mishra P, Pandey G (2019) Application of student\u2019s T-test, analysis of variance, and covariance. Ann Card Anaesth 22(4):407\u2013411","journal-title":"Ann Card Anaesth"},{"key":"591_CR50","unstructured":"Google (2024). Google Colaboratory. Retrieved April 10, 2025, from https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"591_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2307\/2982890","volume":"155","author":"GJG Upton","year":"1992","unstructured":"Upton GJG (1992) Fisher\u2019s exact test. J R Stat Soc, Ser A, Stat Soc 155(3):395\u2013402. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2982890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2982890","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc, Ser A, Stat Soc"},{"key":"591_CR52","unstructured":"FAO (2025) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Faostat. http:\/\/faostat.fao.org"},{"key":"591_CR53","unstructured":"IPIS Research (n.d.) International Peace Information Service. https:\/\/ipisresearch.be\/. Accessed April 10, 2025"},{"key":"591_CR54","unstructured":"Chad, Humanitarian Response Plan (2021). Available from https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/items\/828d75e2-2886-4791-a50a-7f8a24853dd2. Accessed 10 April 2025"},{"key":"591_CR55","unstructured":"FAO (2022). Cameroon, Humanitarian Response Plan. Available from https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/43edc987-efc6-4f60-8662-cf455bbbfc57\/content. Accessed 10 April 2025"},{"key":"591_CR56","unstructured":"IPIS (2018) Central African Republic: a Conflict Mapping. Available from https:\/\/ipisresearch.be\/publication\/central-african-republic-conflict-mapping\/. Accessed 10 April 2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"591_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-024-01929-z","volume":"14","author":"L Piemontese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Piemontese L, Terzi S, Di Baldassarre G, Schwieger DAM, Castelli G, Bresci E (2024) Over-reliance on water infrastructure can hinder climate resilience in pastoral drylands. Nat Clim Change 14(3):267\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-024-01929-z","journal-title":"Nat Clim Change"},{"key":"591_CR58","unstructured":"UNOCA | UN Missions (2023) Collection of Best Practices for the Prevention and Resolution of Conflicts between Farmers and Herders in West and Central Africa. Available via https:\/\/unoca.unmissions.org\/sites\/default\/files\/collection_of_best_practices_for_the_prevention_and_resolution_of_conflicts_between_farmers_and_herders_in_west_and_central_africa.pdf. Accessed 27 March 2025"},{"key":"591_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Madaki MY, Barnabas B, Shehu A, Ullah A, Bavorova M (2024) Institutional Services towards Climate Action: a Case of Climate Change Adaptation of Agro-Pastoralists in the Drylands of Nigeria. Clim Policy, 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14693062.2024.2447487","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2024.2447487"}],"container-title":["EPJ Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00591-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00591-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00591-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T09:51:00Z","timestamp":1762249860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epjdatascience.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00591-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00591-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-1127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-1127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"77"}}