{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:11:43Z","timestamp":1780636303840,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2242021R10093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2242021R10093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2242021R10093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2242021R10093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2242021R10093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2242021R10093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2242021R10093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2242021R10093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2242021R10093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2242021R10093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017630","name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24YJCZH436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJCZH436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017630","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017630","name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24YJCZH436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJCZH436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017630","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017630","name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24YJCZH436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJCZH436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017630","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017630","name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24YJCZH436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJCZH436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017630","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Data Sci."],"DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00620-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:47:16Z","timestamp":1768920436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhancing smart city crowd management through behavioral data-driven human-robot collaborative navigation"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hantao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashenyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Schl\u00e4fli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Thrash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuxin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"H\u00f6lscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"620_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2022.3140310","volume":"10","author":"J Zhong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhong J, Cheng T, Liu W-L, Yang P, Lin Y, Zhang J (2022) An evolutionary guardrail layout design framework for crowd control in subway stations. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 10(1):297\u2013310","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst"},{"key":"620_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds7","volume":"1","author":"D Helbing","year":"2012","unstructured":"Helbing D, Mukerji P (2012) Crowd disasters as systemic failures: analysis of the love parade disaster. EPJ Data Sci 1:1\u201340","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"620_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e3181c5b494","volume":"3","author":"KM Ngai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ngai KM, Burkle FM, Hsu A, Hsu EB (2009) Human stampedes: a systematic review of historical and peer-reviewed sources. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 3(4):191\u2013195","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"7","key":"620_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.107532","volume":"98","author":"NG Castle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Castle NG (2008) Nursing home evacuation plans. Am J Public Health 98(7):1235\u20131240","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"167","key":"620_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0116","volume":"17","author":"H Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao H, Thrash T, Kapadia M, Wolff K, H\u00f6lscher C, Helbing D, Schinazi VR (2020) Assessing crowd management strategies for the 2010 love parade disaster using computer simulations and virtual reality. J R Soc Interface 17(167):20200116","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"issue":"3","key":"620_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s40009-022-01114-w","volume":"45","author":"AK Kanaujiya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kanaujiya AK, Tiwari V (2022) Crowd management and strategies for security and surveillance during the large mass gathering events: the prayagraj kumbh mela 2019 experience. Nat Acad Sci Lett 45(3):263\u2013273","journal-title":"Nat Acad Sci Lett"},{"key":"620_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2013.09.003","volume":"5","author":"FT Illiyas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Illiyas FT, Mani SK, Pradeepkumar A, Mohan K (2013) Human stampedes during religious festivals: a comparative review of mass gathering emergencies in India. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 5:10\u201318","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"issue":"6","key":"620_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.066132","volume":"69","author":"M Isobe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Isobe M, Helbing D, Nagatani T (2004) Experiment, theory, and simulation of the evacuation of a room without visibility. Phys Rev E 69(6):066132","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"3","key":"620_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/108602669300700304","volume":"7","author":"D Elliott","year":"1993","unstructured":"Elliott D, Smith D (1993) Football stadia disasters in the United Kingdom: learning from tragedy? Ind Environ Crisis Q 7(3):205\u2013229","journal-title":"Ind Environ Crisis Q"},{"key":"620_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.12.025","volume":"211","author":"M-x Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li M-x, Zhu S-b, Wang J-h, Zhou Z (2018) Research on fire safety evacuation in a university library in Nanjing. Proc Eng 211:372\u2013378","journal-title":"Proc Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"620_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000080","volume":"18","author":"JC Chu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chu JC, Yeh C-Y (2012) Emergency evacuation guidance design for complex building geometries. J Infrastruct Syst 18(4):288\u2013296","journal-title":"J Infrastruct Syst"},{"key":"620_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106063","volume":"160","author":"J Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin J, Li N, Rao L-L, Lovreglio R (2023) Individual wayfinding decisions under stress in indoor emergency situations: a theoretical framework and meta-analysis. Saf Sci 160:106063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106063","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"620_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-025-00540-2","volume":"14","author":"T Naushirvanov","year":"2025","unstructured":"Naushirvanov T, Elejalde E, Kalimeri K, Omodei E, Karsai M, Ferres L (2025) Evacuation patterns and socioeconomic stratification in the context of wildfires. EPJ Data Sci 14(1):23","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"620_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-020-00247-6","volume":"9","author":"L Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong L, Frias-Martinez V (2020) Modeling and predicting evacuation flows during hurricane irma. EPJ Data Sci 9(1):29","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"620_CR15","first-page":"123","volume":"4","author":"N Ding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding N, Ma Y, Fan Z, Shi J (2023) Test the effectiveness of building safety guidance signs in a t-junction corridor based on eye movement data. J Saf Sci Resil 4(2):123\u2013129","journal-title":"J Saf Sci Resil"},{"key":"620_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3801\/IAFSS.FSS.11-1129","volume":"11","author":"ER Galea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galea ER, Xie H, Lawrence PJ (2014) Experimental and survey studies on the effectiveness of dynamic signage systems. Fire Saf Sci 11:1129\u20131143","journal-title":"Fire Saf Sci"},{"key":"620_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105451","volume":"145","author":"H Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao H, Schwabe A, Schl\u00e4fli F, Thrash T, Aguilar L, Dubey RK, Karjalainen J, H\u00f6lscher C, Helbing D, Schinazi VR (2022) Fire evacuation supported by centralized and decentralized visual guidance systems. Saf Sci 145:105451","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"620_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12234744","volume":"12","author":"X Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun X, Zhang Q, Wei Y, Liu M (2023) Risk-aware deep reinforcement learning for robot crowd navigation. Electronics 12(23):4744","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"620_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105483","volume":"145","author":"A Natapov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Natapov A, Parush A, Laufer L, Fisher-Gewirtzman D (2022) Architectural features and indoor evacuation wayfinding: the starting point matters. Saf Sci 145:105483","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"620_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102692","volume":"155","author":"P Dasler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dasler P, Malik S, Mauriello ML (2021) \u201cjust follow the lights\u201d: a ubiquitous framework for low-cost, mixed fidelity navigation in indoor built environments. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 155:102692","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"620_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191523","volume":"7","author":"H Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao H, Thrash T, Grossrieder A, Kapadia M, Moussa\u00efd M, H\u00f6lscher C, Schinazi VR (2020) The interaction between map complexity and crowd movement on navigation decisions in virtual reality. R Soc Open Sci 7(3):191523","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"620_CR22","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Proceedings","author":"KL Lovelace","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lovelace KL, Hegarty M, Montello DR (1999) Elements of good route directions in familiar and unfamiliar environments. In: Proceedings. Spatial Information Theory. Cognitive and Computational Foundations of Geographic Information Science: International Conference COSIT\u201999 Stade, Germany, August 25\u201329, 1999, vol\u00a04. Springer, pp\u00a065\u201382"},{"issue":"4","key":"620_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-022-01594-4","volume":"104","author":"M Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou M, Dong H, Ge S, Wang X, Wang F-Y (2022) Robot-guided crowd evacuation in a railway hub station in case of emergencies. J Intell Robot Syst 104(4):67","journal-title":"J Intell Robot Syst"},{"key":"620_CR24","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2021 30th IEEE international conference on robot & human interactive communication (RO-MAN)","author":"AAR Newaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Newaz AAR, Alam T, Mondello J, Johnson J, Bobadilla L (2021) Multi-robot information gathering subject to resource constraints. In: 2021 30th IEEE international conference on robot & human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp\u00a01\u20136"},{"issue":"2","key":"620_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2014.2323175","volume":"12","author":"E Boukas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boukas E, Kostavelis I, Gasteratos A, Sirakoulis GC (2014) Robot guided crowd evacuation. IEEE Trans Autom Sci Eng 12(2):739\u2013751","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Sci Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"620_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2016.2571269","volume":"46","author":"B Tang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tang B, Jiang C, He H, Guo Y (2016) Human mobility modeling for robot-assisted evacuation in complex indoor environments. IEEE Trans Human-Mach Syst 46(5):694\u2013707","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Human-Mach Syst"},{"key":"620_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19457-3_1","volume-title":"Robotics research: the 14th international symposium ISRR","author":"J Van Den Berg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Den Berg J, Guy SJ, Lin M, Manocha D (2011) Reciprocal n-body collision avoidance. In: Robotics research: the 14th international symposium ISRR. Springer, Berlin, pp\u00a03\u201319"},{"key":"620_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483497","volume-title":"2013 8th ACM\/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)","author":"K Zheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zheng K, Glas DF, Kanda T, Ishiguro H, Hagita N (2013) Supervisory control of multiple social robots for navigation. In: 2013 8th ACM\/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, pp\u00a017\u201324"},{"key":"620_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1145\/3029798.3038374","volume-title":"Proceedings of the companion of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction","author":"H Khambhaita","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khambhaita H, Alami R (2017) A human-robot cooperative navigation planner. In: Proceedings of the companion of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction, pp\u00a0161\u2013162"},{"issue":"7654","key":"620_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22332","volume":"545","author":"H Shirado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shirado H, Christakis NA (2017) Locally noisy autonomous agents improve global human coordination in network experiments. Nature 545(7654):370\u2013374","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"620_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/2157689.2157697","volume-title":"Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction","author":"N Riether","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riether N, Hegel F, Wrede B, Horstmann G (2012) Social facilitation with social robots? In: Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction, pp\u00a041\u201348"},{"key":"620_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang B, Amirian J, Eberle H, Pettr\u00e9 J, Holloway C, Carlson T (2021) From hri to cri: crowd robot interaction\u2014understanding the effect of robots on crowd motion: empirical study of pedestrian dynamics with a wheelchair and a pepper robot. Int J Soc Robot, 1\u201313","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-021-00812-7"},{"key":"620_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1145\/3434074.3447226","volume-title":"Companion of the 2021 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction","author":"A Honour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Honour A, Banisetty SB, Feil-Seifer D (2021) Perceived social intelligence as evaluation of socially navigation. In: Companion of the 2021 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction, pp\u00a0519\u2013523"},{"key":"620_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1145\/3434074.3446360","volume-title":"Companion of the 2021 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction","author":"N Tsoi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsoi N, V\u00e1zquez M (2021) Improving the robustness of social robot navigation systems. In: Companion of the 2021 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction, pp\u00a0592\u2013594"},{"key":"620_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102744","volume":"158","author":"N Akalin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akalin N, Kristoffersson A, Loutfi A (2022) Do you feel safe with your robot? Factors influencing perceived safety in human-robot interaction based on subjective and objective measures. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 158:102744","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Stud"},{"key":"620_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.06.001","volume":"82","author":"E Rodriguez-Lizundia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Lizundia E, Marcos S, Zalama E, G\u00f3mez-Garc\u00eda-Bermejo J, Gordaliza A (2015) A bellboy robot: study of the effects of robot behaviour on user engagement and comfort. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 82:83\u201395","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Stud"},{"key":"620_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487452","volume-title":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","author":"B Okal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Okal B, Arras KO (2016) Learning socially normative robot navigation behaviors with Bayesian inverse reinforcement learning. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, pp\u00a02889\u20132895"},{"key":"620_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN50785.2021.9515556","volume-title":"2021 30th IEEE international conference on robot & human interactive communication (RO-MAN)","author":"A Sorrentino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sorrentino A, Khalid O, Coviello L, Cavallo F, Fiorini L (2021) Modeling human-like robot personalities as a key to Foster socially aware navigation. In: 2021 30th IEEE international conference on robot & human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp\u00a095\u2013101"},{"key":"620_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI53351.2022.9889412","volume-title":"2022 17th ACM\/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)","author":"D Gallo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gallo D, Gonzalez-Jimenez S, Grasso MA, Boulard C, Colombino T (2022) Exploring machine-like behaviors for socially acceptable robot navigation in elevators. In: 2022 17th ACM\/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, pp\u00a0130\u2013138"},{"issue":"5","key":"620_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1655905","volume":"36","author":"G Czarnek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Czarnek G, Strojny P, Strojny A, Richter M (2020) Assessing engagement during rescue operation simulated in virtual reality: a psychophysiological study. Int J Hum-Comput Interact 36(5):464\u2013476","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Interact"},{"key":"620_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102484","volume":"142","author":"EM Bourhim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bourhim EM, Cherkaoui A (2020) Efficacy of virtual reality for studying people\u2019s pre-evacuation behavior under fire. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 142:102484","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Stud"},{"issue":"12","key":"620_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2017.1418804","volume":"34","author":"N Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan N, Rahman AU (2018) Rethinking the mini-map: a navigational aid to support spatial learning in urban game environments. Int J Hum-Comput Interact 34(12):1135\u20131147","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Interact"},{"key":"620_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106372","volume":"171","author":"D Scorgie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scorgie D, Feng Z, Paes D, Parisi F, Yiu TW, Lovreglio R (2024) Virtual reality for safety training: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Saf Sci 171:106372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106372","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"620_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0168-2","volume":"7","author":"C Mizzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mizzi C, Fabbri A, Rambaldi S, Bertini F, Curti N, Sinigardi S, Luzi R, Venturi G, Davide M, Muratore G, et al. (2018) Unraveling pedestrian mobility on a road network using icts data during great tourist events. EPJ Data Sci 7(1):44","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"key":"620_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2009.5354740","volume-title":"2009 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems","author":"A Garrell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garrell A, Sanfeliu A, Moreno-Noguer F (2009) Discrete time motion model for guiding people in urban areas using multiple robots. In: 2009 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems. IEEE, pp\u00a0486\u2013491"},{"issue":"1518","key":"620_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0233","volume":"364","author":"JR Dyer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dyer JR, Johansson A, Helbing D, Couzin ID, Krause J (2009) Leadership, consensus decision making and collective behaviour in humans. Philos Trans R Soc, Biol Sci 364(1518):781\u2013789","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc, Biol Sci"},{"key":"620_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3801\/IAFSS.FSS.11-1129","volume":"11","author":"ER Galea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galea ER, Xie H, Lawrence PJ (2014) Experimental and survey studies on the effectiveness of dynamic signage systems. Fire Saf Sci 11:1129\u20131143","journal-title":"Fire Saf Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"620_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2087274","volume":"39","author":"H Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao H, Thrash T, Schl\u00e4fli F, Kapadia M, Aguilar L, Helbing D, H\u00f6lscher C (2023) Collective intelligence during emergency egress: the mechanisms underlying altruistic information exchange. Int J Hum-Comput Interact 39(14):2876\u20132892","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Interact"},{"issue":"4","key":"620_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00237","volume":"24","author":"T Thrash","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thrash T, Kapadia M, Moussaid M, Wilhelm C, Helbing D, Sumner RW, H\u00f6lscher C (2015) Evaluation of control interfaces for desktop virtual environments. Presence, Teleoper Virtual Environ 24(4):322\u2013334","journal-title":"Presence, Teleoper Virtual Environ"},{"key":"620_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v021.i07","volume":"21","author":"T Duong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duong T (2007) ks: kernel density estimation and kernel discriminant analysis for multivariate data in R. J Stat Softw 21:1\u201316","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"}],"container-title":["EPJ Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00620-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00620-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00620-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:05:41Z","timestamp":1770901541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00620-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00620-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-1127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-1127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent before participation. They were informed about the study procedures, data recording methods, and their right to withdraw at any time. Participants consented to the use of VR equipment and data collection for research purposes. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Southeast University (Approval No. 2023ZDSYLL354-P01).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided written consent for the publication of anonymized data and results.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19"}}