{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:36:24Z","timestamp":1780432584151,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Data Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Accessibility is essential for designing inclusive urban systems. However, the attempt to capture the complexity of accessibility in a single universal metric has often limited its effective use in design, measurement, and governance across various fields. Building on previous work by Bertolini and by Levinson and Wu, we emphasise that accessibility consists of three key dimensions. Specifically, we introduce a conceptual framework that defines accessibility through three main dimensions:\n                    <jats:italic>Proximity<\/jats:italic>\n                    (which pertains to active, short-range accessibility to local services and amenities),\n                    <jats:italic>Opportunity<\/jats:italic>\n                    (which refers to quick access to relevant non-local resources, such as jobs or major cultural venues), and\n                    <jats:italic>Value<\/jats:italic>\n                    (which encompasses the overall quality and personal significance assigned to specific points of interest). While it is generally beneficial to improve accessibility, different users and contexts present unique trade-offs that make a one-size-fits-all solution neither practical nor desirable. Our framework establishes a foundation for a quantitative and integrative approach to modelling accessibility. It considers the complex interactions among its various dimensions and facilitates more systematic analysis, comparison, and decision-making across diverse contexts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00623-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T13:54:59Z","timestamp":1769608499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The dimensions of accessibility: proximity, opportunities, values"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Campanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hygor P.","family":"M.\u00a0Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Rossi\u00a0Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Loreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"623_CR1","volume-title":"The geography of urban transportation","author":"G Giuliano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giuliano G, Hanson S (2017) The geography of urban transportation. Guilford Publications, New York"},{"key":"623_CR2","volume-title":"From mobility to accessibility: transforming urban transportation and land-use planning","author":"J Levine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Levine J, Grengs J, Merlin LA (2019) From mobility to accessibility: transforming urban transportation and land-use planning. Cornell University Press, Ithaca"},{"issue":"3","key":"623_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.2005.00565.x","volume":"53","author":"N Cass","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cass N, Shove E, Urry J (2005) Social exclusion, mobility and access. Sociol Rev 53(3):539\u2013555","journal-title":"Sociol Rev"},{"key":"623_CR4","volume-title":"The spatial economy: cities, regions, and international trade","author":"M Fujita","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fujita M, Krugman PR, Venables A (2001) The spatial economy: cities, regions, and international trade. MIT press, Cambridge"},{"key":"623_CR5","volume-title":"Modelling transport","author":"JdD Ort\u00fazar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ort\u00fazar JdD, Willumsen LG (2002) Modelling transport, vol\u00a03. Wiley Online Library, Hoboken"},{"issue":"2","key":"623_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/01944365908978307","volume":"25","author":"WG Hansen","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hansen WG (1959) How accessibility shapes land use. J Am Inst Plann 25(2):73\u201376","journal-title":"J Am Inst Plann"},{"issue":"3","key":"623_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/09654319608720349","volume":"4","author":"L Bertolini","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bertolini L (1996) Nodes and places: complexities of railway station redevelopment. Eur Plan Stud 4(3):331\u2013345","journal-title":"Eur Plan Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"623_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/02697459915724","volume":"14","author":"L Bertolini","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bertolini L (1999) Spatial development patterns and public transport: the application of an analytical model in the Netherlands. Plan Pract Res 14(2):199\u2013210","journal-title":"Plan Pract Res"},{"key":"623_CR9","volume":"113","author":"H Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu H, Lee JB, Levinson D (2023) The node-place model, accessibility, and station level transit ridership. J Transp Geogr 113:103739","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"623_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5198\/jtlu.2020.1660","volume":"13","author":"D Levinson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levinson D, Wu H (2020) Towards a general theory of access. J Transp Land Use 13(1):129\u2013158","journal-title":"J Transp Land Use"},{"issue":"7","key":"623_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1068\/a291175","volume":"29","author":"SL Handy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Handy SL, Niemeier DA (1997) Measuring accessibility: an exploration of issues and alternatives. Environ Plan A 29(7):1175\u20131194","journal-title":"Environ Plan A"},{"issue":"2","key":"623_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005","volume":"12","author":"KT Geurs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Geurs KT, Van Wee B (2004) Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and research directions. J Transp Geogr 12(2):127\u2013140","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"623_CR13","volume-title":"Access to destinations: development of accessibility measures","author":"AM El-Geneidy","year":"2006","unstructured":"El-Geneidy AM, Levinson DM (2006) Access to destinations: development of accessibility measures"},{"key":"623_CR14","volume":"83","author":"H Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu H, Levinson D (2020) Unifying access. Transp Res, Part D, Transp Environ 83:102355","journal-title":"Transp Res, Part D, Transp Environ"},{"key":"623_CR15","volume-title":"Walkable city: how downtown can save America, one step at a time","author":"J Speck","year":"2012","unstructured":"Speck J (2012) Walkable city: how downtown can save America, one step at a time. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"623_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities4010006","volume":"4","author":"C Moreno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moreno C, Allam Z, Chabaud D, Gall C, Pratlong F (2021) Introducing the \u201c15-minute city\u201d: sustainability, resilience and place identity in future post-pandemic cities. Smart Cities 4(1):93\u2013111","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"623_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2024.0097","volume":"382","author":"D Hill","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hill D, Bruno M, Melo HPM, Takeuchi Y, Loreto V (2024) Cities beyond proximity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond A 382:20240097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2024.0097","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond A"},{"issue":"10","key":"623_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s44284-024-00119-4","volume":"1","author":"M Bruno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bruno M, Monteiro Melo HP, Campanelli B, Loreto V (2024) A universal framework for inclusive 15-minute cities. Nat Cities 1(10):633\u2013641","journal-title":"Nat Cities"},{"issue":"3","key":"623_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-9209(97)00009-6","volume":"2","author":"R Cervero","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cervero R, Kockelman K (1997) Travel demand and the 3ds: density, diversity, and design. Transp Res, Part D, Transp Environ 2(3):199\u2013219","journal-title":"Transp Res, Part D, Transp Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"623_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2011.589767","volume":"77","author":"E Guerra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guerra E, Cervero R (2011) Cost of a ride: the effects of densities on fixed-guideway transit ridership and costs. J Am Plan Assoc 77(3):267\u2013290","journal-title":"J Am Plan Assoc"},{"key":"623_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abbiasov T, Heine C, Glaeser E, Ratti C, Sabouri S, Salazar-Miranda A, Santi P (2022) The 15-minute city quantified using mobility data. NBER Working Paper 30752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w30752","DOI":"10.3386\/w30752"},{"key":"623_CR22","unstructured":"Marzolla F, Bruno M, Melo HPM, Loreto V (2024) Compact 15-minute cities are greener. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2409.01817"},{"key":"623_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzolla F, Bruno M, Melo HP, Loreto V (2025) Proximity-based cities emit less mobility-driven CO_2. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2510.00094","DOI":"10.1038\/s44333-025-00074-0"},{"key":"623_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2018.05.004","volume":"69","author":"DS Vale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vale DS, Viana CM, Pereira M (2018) The extended node-place model at the local scale: evaluating the integration of land use and transport for Lisbon\u2019s subway network. J Transp Geogr 69:282\u2013293","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"623_CR25","volume":"87","author":"Z Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao Z, Asakura Y, Tan Z (2020) Coordination between node, place, and ridership: comparing three transit operators in Tokyo. Transp Res, Part D, Transp Environ 87:102518","journal-title":"Transp Res, Part D, Transp Environ"},{"key":"623_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00403-2","author":"K Morland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morland K, Wing S, Roux AD, Poole C (2002) Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. Am J Prev Med 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00403-2","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"623_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.06.007","author":"JP Block","year":"2004","unstructured":"Block JP, Scribner RA, Desalvo KB (2004) Fast food, race\/ethnicity, and income: a geographic analysis. Am J Prev Med 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.06.007","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"623_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46425-2","author":"BGB Bueno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bueno BGB, Horn AL, Bell BM, Bahrami M, Bozkaya B, Pentland A, Haye K, Moro E (2024) Effect of mobile food environments on fast food visits. Nat Commun 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-46425-2","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"623_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098032000155669","volume":"41","author":"JF Kain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kain JF (2004) A pioneer\u2019s perspective on the spatial mismatch literature. Urban Stud 41(1):7\u201332","journal-title":"Urban Stud"},{"key":"623_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118996874.ch8","volume-title":"Positive psychology in practice: promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life","author":"B Schwartz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwartz B (2015) The paradox of choice. In: Positive psychology in practice: promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life, pp\u00a0121\u2013138"},{"issue":"3","key":"623_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/0265813515617642","volume":"43","author":"Y Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun Y, Fan H, Li M, Zipf A (2016) Identifying the city center using human travel flows generated from location-based social networking data. Environ Plan B, Plan Des 43(3):480\u2013498","journal-title":"Environ Plan B, Plan Des"},{"issue":"3","key":"623_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.7.033064","volume":"7","author":"F Fanelli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fanelli F, Melo HP, Bruno M, Loreto V (2025) Revealing the core-periphery structure of cities. Phys Rev Res 7(3):033064","journal-title":"Phys Rev Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"623_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.74.016117","volume":"74","author":"MT Gastner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gastner MT, Newman ME (2006) Optimal design of spatial distribution networks. Phys Rev E 74(1):016117","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"37","key":"623_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb4112","volume":"6","author":"Y Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Y, Olmos LE, Abbar S, Gonz\u00e1lez MC (2020) Deconstructing laws of accessibility and facility distribution in cities. Sci Adv 6(37):4112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abb4112","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"623_CR35","unstructured":"OpenStreetMap contributors (2023) Planet dump retrieved from https:\/\/planet.osm.org. https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org"},{"key":"623_CR36","unstructured":"(2020). www.worldpop.org"},{"key":"623_CR37","unstructured":"Bondarenko M, Kerr D, Sorichetta A, Tatem A (2020) Census\/projection-disaggregated gridded population datasets. Adjusted to Match the corresponding UNPD"},{"key":"623_CR38","unstructured":"H3 Hierarchical Geospatial Index. https:\/\/h3geo.org\/"},{"key":"623_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2093973.2094062","volume-title":"Real-time routing with OpenStreetMap data","author":"D Luxen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luxen D, Vetter C (2011) Real-time routing with OpenStreetMap data. ACM, New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2093973.2094062"},{"key":"623_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/5\/1\/348","volume":"5","author":"R K\u00f6lbl","year":"2003","unstructured":"K\u00f6lbl R, Helbing D (2003) Energy laws in human travel behaviour. New J Phys 5:48\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1367-2630\/5\/1\/348","journal-title":"New J Phys"},{"issue":"11","key":"623_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190979","volume":"6","author":"I Biazzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biazzo I, Monechi B, Loreto V (2019) General scores for accessibility and inequality measures in urban areas. R Soc Open Sci 6(11):190979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.190979","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"623_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng KY, Widener MJ, Tribby CP, Tang KC, Koh K (2025) 3d walking accessibility in practice: exploring the imperfections from data, method, and assumptions of human-space interaction. Int J Geogr Inf Sci:1\u201321","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2025.2533326"},{"key":"623_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2025.106516","volume":"169","author":"Y Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yang X, Li X, Yang L, Cheng S, Tang G, Biljecki F (2026) Vertical 15-minute city: modeling urban density and functional mix with multi-source geospatial data. Cities 169:106516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2025.106516","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"623_CR44","volume-title":"Access to destinations: development of accessibility measures","author":"AM El-Geneidy","year":"2006","unstructured":"El-Geneidy AM, Levinson DM (2006) Access to destinations: development of accessibility measures"},{"issue":"4","key":"623_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11067-011-9153-z","volume":"11","author":"A El-Geneidy","year":"2011","unstructured":"El-Geneidy A, Levinson D (2011) Place rank: valuing spatial interactions. Netw Spat Econ 11(4):643\u2013659","journal-title":"Netw Spat Econ"},{"key":"623_CR46","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Transport sociology: social aspects of transport planning","author":"T H\u00e4gerstrand","year":"1970","unstructured":"H\u00e4gerstrand T (1970) What about people in regional science. In: Transport sociology: social aspects of transport planning, pp\u00a0143\u2013158"},{"issue":"3","key":"623_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12290","volume":"54","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu S, Higgs C, Arundel J, Boeing G, Cerdera N, Moctezuma D, Cerin E, Adlakha D, Lowe M, Giles-Corti B (2022) A generalized framework for measuring pedestrian accessibility around the world using open data. Geogr Anal 54(3):559\u2013582","journal-title":"Geogr Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"623_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-019-00408-7","volume":"97","author":"D Fry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fry D, Mooney SJ, Rodr\u00edguez DA, Caiaffa WT, Lovasi GS (2020) Assessing Google street view image availability in Latin American cities. J Urban Health 97(4):552\u2013560","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"623_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1068\/b35097","volume":"37","author":"M Haklay","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haklay M (2010) How good is volunteered geographical information? A comparative study of openstreetmap and ordnance survey datasets. Environ Plan B, Plan Des 37(4):682\u2013703","journal-title":"Environ Plan B, Plan Des"},{"issue":"6","key":"623_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12073","volume":"18","author":"C Barron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barron C, Neis P, Zipf A (2014) A comprehensive framework for intrinsic openstreetmap quality analysis. Trans GIS 18(6):877\u2013895","journal-title":"Trans GIS"},{"key":"623_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2015.10.005","volume":"49","author":"S Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams S, White A, Waiganjo P, Orwa D, Klopp J (2015) The digital matatu project: using cell phones to create an open source data for Nairobi\u2019s semi-formal bus system. J Transp Geogr 49:39\u201351","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"623_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2018.12.002","volume":"74","author":"Y Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu Y, Downs J (2019) Measuring and visualizing place-based space-time job accessibility. J Transp Geogr 74:278\u2013288","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"623_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1108\/LM-05-2022-0053","volume":"43","author":"AM Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan AM, Loan FA (2022) Exploring the reviews of Google maps to assess the user opinions about public libraries. Libr Manage 43(8\u20139):601\u2013615","journal-title":"Libr Manage"},{"issue":"9","key":"623_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7090376","volume":"7","author":"S Rahimi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rahimi S, Mottahedi S, Liu X (2018) The geography of taste: using yelp to study urban culture. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 7(9):376","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf"},{"issue":"3","key":"623_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152117","volume":"11","author":"JP Schomberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schomberg JP, Haimson OL, Hayes GR, Anton-Culver H (2016) Supplementing public health inspection via social media. PLoS ONE 11(3):0152117","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"623_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098009349023","volume":"47","author":"P Howie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Howie P, Murphy SM, Wicks J (2010) An application of a stated preference method to value urban amenities. Urban Stud 47(2):235\u2013256","journal-title":"Urban Stud"},{"key":"623_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2023.101594","volume":"66","author":"G Benati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benati G, Calcagni F, Martellozzo F, Ghermandi A, Langemeyer J (2024) Unequal access to cultural ecosystem services of green spaces within the city of Rome\u2013a spatial social media-based analysis. Ecosyst Serv 66:101594","journal-title":"Ecosyst Serv"},{"issue":"3","key":"623_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-017-9778-7","volume":"83","author":"J Bright","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bright J, De Sabbata S, Lee S (2018) Geodemographic biases in crowdsourced knowledge websites: do neighbours fill in the blanks? GeoJournal 83(3):427\u2013440","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"issue":"4","key":"623_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.2005.42.4.401","volume":"42","author":"AR Rao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rao AR (2005) The quality of price as a quality cue. J Mark Res 42(4):401\u2013405","journal-title":"J Mark Res"}],"container-title":["EPJ Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00623-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00623-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00623-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T14:05:04Z","timestamp":1771596304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00623-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-026-00623-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7482832\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2193-1127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-1127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We confirm that no ethical concerns are applicable to this paper and that all the authors agreed to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"We confirm the corresponding author has read the journal policies and submit this manuscript in accordance with those policies.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}