{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:14:30Z","timestamp":1777598070075,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["818744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["818744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. Phys. J. C"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CYGNO experiment aims to build a large (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\mathcal {O}(10)$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>O<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>10<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> m<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^3$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mmultiscripts>\n                    <mml:mrow\/>\n                    <mml:mrow\/>\n                    <mml:mn>3<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) directional detector for rare event searches, such as nuclear recoils (NRs) induced by dark matter (DM), such as weakly interactive massive particles (WIMPs). The detector concept comprises a time projection chamber (TPC), filled with a He:CF<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$_4$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mmultiscripts>\n                    <mml:mrow\/>\n                    <mml:mn>4<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mrow\/>\n                  <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> 60\/40 scintillating gas mixture at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, equipped with an amplification stage made of a stack of three gas electron multipliers (GEMs) which are coupled to an optical readout. The latter consists in scientific CMOS (sCMOS) cameras and photomultipliers tubes (PMTs). The maximisation of the light yield of the amplification stage plays a major role in the determination of the energy threshold of the experiment. In this paper, we simulate the effect of the addition of a strong electric field below the last GEM plane on the GEM field structure and we experimentally test it by means of a 10 <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\times $$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> 10\u00a0cm<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^2$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mmultiscripts>\n                    <mml:mrow\/>\n                    <mml:mrow\/>\n                    <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> readout area prototype. The experimental measurements analyse stacks of different GEMs and helium concentrations in the gas mixture combined with this extra electric field, studying their performances in terms of light yield, energy resolution and intrinsic diffusion. It is found that the use of this additional electric field permits large light yield increases without degrading intrinsic characteristics of the amplification stage with respect to the regular use of GEMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-024-13471-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T03:02:26Z","timestamp":1730170946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhancing the light yield of He:CF$$_4$$ based gaseous detector"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Fernando Domingues","family":"Amaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Antonietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Baracchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Benussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Campagnola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cesidio","family":"Capoccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Caponero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Danilo Santos","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luan Gomes Mattosinhos","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Cavoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Igor Abritta","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Croce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Dan\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9454-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Dho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Flaminia","family":"Di\u00a0Giambattista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Di\u00a0Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melba","family":"D\u2019Astolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"D\u2019Imperio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Fiorina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Iacoangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zahoor ul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Herman Pessoa","family":"Lima J\u00f9nior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Maccarrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui Daniel Passos","family":"Mano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert Renz","family":"Marcelo\u00a0Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David Jos\u00e9 Gaspar","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Mazzitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alasdair Gregor","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina Maria Bernardes","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael Antunes","family":"Nobrega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Igor Fonseca","family":"Pains","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Paoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Passamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Petrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Piacentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Piccolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Pierluigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Pinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Renga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita Joana da Cruz","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Rosatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joaquim Marques Ferreira","family":"dos\u00a0Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Saviano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro Alberto Oliveira Costa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Neil John Curwen","family":"Spooner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Tesauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Tomassini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samuele","family":"Torelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"13471_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2004.08.031","volume":"405","author":"G Bertone","year":"2005","unstructured":"G. Bertone et al., Phys. Rep. 405(5), 279 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physrep.2004.08.031","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"13471_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2016.02.007","volume":"627","author":"F Mayet","year":"2016","unstructured":"F. Mayet et al., Phys. Rep. 627, 1 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physrep.2016.02.007","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"13471_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/instruments6010006","volume":"6","author":"FD Amaro","year":"2022","unstructured":"F.D. Amaro, E. Baracchini et al., Instruments 6(1), 6 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/instruments6010006","journal-title":"Instruments"},{"issue":"3","key":"13471_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2013.12.001","volume":"537","author":"KM Zurek","year":"2014","unstructured":"K.M. Zurek, Phys. Rep. 537(3), 91 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physrep.2013.12.001","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"issue":"19","key":"13471_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330028","DOI":"10.1142\/s0217751x13300287","volume":"28","author":"K Petraki","year":"2013","unstructured":"K. Petraki, R.R. Volkas, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 28(19), 1330028 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0217751x13300287","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. A"},{"key":"13471_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.115.021301","volume":"115","author":"Hochberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hochberg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 021301 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.115.021301","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"13471_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2017.2778503","volume":"65","author":"Marafini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marafini et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 65(1), 604 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNS.2017.2778503","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"issue":"02","key":"13471_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P02008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/7\/02\/p02008","volume":"7","author":"A Morozov","year":"2012","unstructured":"A. Morozov, L.M.S. Margato, M.M.F.R. Fraga, L. Pereira, F.A.F. Fraga, J. Instrum. 7(02), P02008 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-0221\/7\/02\/p02008","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"issue":"08","key":"13471_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P08018","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/15\/08\/p08018","volume":"15","author":"E Baracchini","year":"2020","unstructured":"E. Baracchini et al., J. Instrum. 15(08), P08018 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-0221\/15\/08\/p08018","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"issue":"17","key":"13471_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/33\/17\/309","volume":"33","author":"M Kurihara","year":"2000","unstructured":"M. Kurihara, Z.L. Petrovic, T. Makabe, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 33(17), 2146 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0022-3727\/33\/17\/309","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"07","key":"13471_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P07008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/8\/07\/p07008","volume":"8","author":"LMS Margato","year":"2013","unstructured":"L.M.S. Margato, A. Morozov, M.M.F.R. Fraga, L. Pereira, F.A.F. Fraga, J. Instrum. 8(07), P07008 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-0221\/8\/07\/p07008","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"issue":"1","key":"13471_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)00758-7","volume":"504","author":"M Fraga","year":"2003","unstructured":"M. Fraga, F. Fraga, S. Fetal, L. Margato, R. Marques, A. Policarpo, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Acceler. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 504(1), 88 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)00758-7","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Acceler. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"issue":"11","key":"13471_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C11043","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/11\/11\/C11043","volume":"11","author":"F Kuger","year":"2016","unstructured":"F. Kuger, J. Instrum. 11(11), C11043 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-0221\/11\/11\/C11043","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"13471_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2021.165209","volume":"999","author":"V Antochi","year":"2021","unstructured":"V. Antochi et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Acceler. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 999, 165209 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nima.2021.165209","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Acceler. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"issue":"07","key":"13471_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P07011","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/14\/07\/p07011","volume":"14","author":"IA Costa","year":"2019","unstructured":"I.A. Costa et al., J. Instrum. 14(07), P07011 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-0221\/14\/07\/p07011","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"issue":"9","key":"13471_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1939.228757","volume":"27","author":"S Ramo","year":"1939","unstructured":"S. Ramo, Proc. IRE 27(9), 584 (1939). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JRPROC.1939.228757","journal-title":"Proc. IRE"},{"key":"13471_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"W. Shockley, J. Appl. Phys. 9(10), 635 (1938). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.1710367","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1710367"},{"issue":"12","key":"13471_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T12003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/15\/12\/T12003","volume":"15","author":"E Baracchini","year":"2020","unstructured":"E. Baracchini et al., JINST 15(12), T12003 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-0221\/15\/12\/T12003","journal-title":"JINST"},{"key":"13471_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Baracchini et al., Meas. Sci. Technol. 32(2), 025902 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6501\/abbd12","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/abbd12"},{"key":"13471_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2022.167438","author":"T Thorpe","year":"2022","unstructured":"T. Thorpe, S. Vahsen, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Acceler. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nima.2022.167438","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Acceler. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"issue":"1","key":"13471_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(85)90817-4","volume":"234","author":"T Aoyama","year":"1985","unstructured":"T. Aoyama, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Acceler. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 234(1), 125 (1985). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0168-9002(85)90817-4","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Acceler. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"issue":"5","key":"13471_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-708X(62)90115-1","volume":"13","author":"A Williams","year":"1962","unstructured":"A. Williams, R. Sara, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 13(5), 229 (1962). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0020-708X(62)90115-1","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"13471_CR23","unstructured":"W.\u00a0Diethorn, A methane proportional counter system for natural radiocarbon measurements. Master\u2019s thesis, Carnegie Inst. of Tech., Pittsburgh (1956)"},{"key":"13471_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-554X(70)90818-9","volume":"89","author":"G Alkhazov","year":"1970","unstructured":"G. Alkhazov, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 89, 155 (1970). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0029-554X(70)90818-9","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"13471_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01338427","volume":"151","author":"H Schlumbohm","year":"1958","unstructured":"H. Schlumbohm, Z. Phys. 151(5), 563 (1958). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01338427","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"13471_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevd.85.035006","author":"J Billard","year":"2012","unstructured":"J. Billard, F. Mayet, D. Santos, Phys. Rev. D (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevd.85.035006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"}],"container-title":["The European Physical Journal C"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-024-13471-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-024-13471-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-024-13471-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T19:12:53Z","timestamp":1733166773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-024-13471-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["13471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-024-13471-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-6052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-6052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"1122"}}