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Phys. J. C"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    NUCLEUS is a cryogenic detection experiment which aims to measure\n                    <jats:italic>Coherent Elastic Neutrino\u2013Nucleus Scattering<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CE\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\nu $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mi>\u03bd<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    NS) and to search for new physics at the Chooz nuclear power plant in France. This article reports on the prediction of particle-induced backgrounds, especially focusing on the sub-keV energy range, which is a poorly known region where most of the CE\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\nu $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mi>\u03bd<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    NS signal from reactor antineutrinos is expected. Together with measurements of the environmental background radiations at the experimental site, extensive Monte Carlo simulations based on the\n                    <jats:sc>Geant4<\/jats:sc>\n                    package were run both to optimize the experimental setup for background reduction and to estimate the residual rates arising from different contributions such as cosmic ray-induced radiations, environmental gammas and material radioactivity. The NUCLEUS experimental setup is predicted to achieve a total rejection power of more than two orders of magnitude, leaving a residual background component which is strongly dominated by cosmic ray-induced neutrons. In the CE\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\nu $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mi>\u03bd<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    NS signal region of interest between 10 and 100\u00a0eV, a total particle background rate of\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\sim $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mo>\u223c<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    \u00a0250\u00a0d\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0keV\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    is expected in the CaWO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    target detectors. This corresponds to a signal-to-background ratio\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\gtrsim $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mo>\u2273<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    1, and therefore meets the required specifications in terms of particle background rejection for the detection of reactor antineutrinos through CE\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\nu $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mi>\u03bd<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    NS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-025-15168-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T15:19:28Z","timestamp":1768576768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Particle background characterization and prediction for the NUCLEUS reactor CE$$\\nu $$NS experiment"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6832-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Abele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04d836q62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Angloher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0079jjr10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Physik"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/039shy520","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Hochenergiephysik der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5092-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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