{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:38:07Z","timestamp":1772152687564,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101114043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101114043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EPJ Quantum Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quantum key distribution is costly and, at the moment, offers low performance in space applications. Other more recent protocols could offer a potential practical solution to this problem. In this work, a preliminary optical payload design using commercial off-the-shelf elements for a quantum communication downlink in a 3U CubeSat is proposed. It is shown that this quantum state emitter allows the establishment of two types of quantum communication between the satellite and the ground station: quantum key distribution and quantum keyless private communication. Numerical simulations are provided that show the feasibility of the scheme for both protocols as well as their performance. For the simplified BB84, a maximum secret key rate of about 80\u00a0kHz and minimum QBER of slightly more than 0.07% is found, at the zenith, while for quantum private keyless communication, a 700\u00a0MHz private rate is achieved. This design serves as a platform for the implementation of novel quantum communication protocols that can improve the performance of quantum communications in space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-024-00254-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T17:03:11Z","timestamp":1722358991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Optical payload design for downlink quantum key distribution and keyless communication using CubeSats"],"prefix":"10.1140","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pedro Neto","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo Lobato","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Niehus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Faleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Rusca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Zambrini Cruzeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"254_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon CE. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J. 1948;27(3):379\u2013423.","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2754-2726\/acc190","volume":"2","author":"V Chugh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chugh V, Basu A, Kaushik A, Basu AK. Progression in quantum sensing\/bio-sensing technologies for healthcare. ECS Sens Plus. 2023;2(1):015001.","journal-title":"ECS Sens Plus"},{"issue":"8","key":"254_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.202100049","volume":"4","author":"SE Crawford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crawford SE, Shugayev RA, Paudel HP, Lu P, Syamlal M, Ohodnicki PR, Chorpening B, Gentry R, Duan Y. Quantum sensing for energy applications: review and perspective. Adv Quantum Technol. 2021;4(8):2100049.","journal-title":"Adv Quantum Technol"},{"issue":"7920","key":"254_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04941-5","volume":"607","author":"DP Nadlinger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nadlinger DP, Drmota P, Nichol BC, Araneda G, Main D, Srinivas R, Lucas DM, Ballance CJ, Ivanov K, Tan EY-Z et al.. Experimental quantum key distribution certified by Bell\u2019s theorem. Nature. 2022;607(7920):682\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7920","key":"254_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04891-y","volume":"607","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang W, van Leent T, Redeker K, Garthoff R, Schwonnek R, Fertig F, Eppelt S, Rosenfeld W, Scarani V, Lim CC-W et al.. A device-independent quantum key distribution system for distant users. Nature. 2022;607(7920):687\u201391.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"254_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu W-Z, Zhang Y-Z, Zhen Y-Z, Li M-H, Liu Y, Fan J, Xu F, Zhang Q, Pan J-W. High-speed device-independent quantum key distribution against collective attacks. 2021. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.01480.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-957419\/v1"},{"key":"254_CR7","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE international symposium on information theory","author":"CH Bennett","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bennett CH, Brassard G. Quantum cryptography and its application to provably secure key expansion, public-key distribution, and coin-tossing. In: Proceedings of IEEE international symposium on information theory, St Jovite, Canada. 1983."},{"key":"254_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pljonkin A, Singh P. The review of the commercial quantum key distribution system. 2018. p. 795\u2013799. 12.","DOI":"10.1109\/PDGC.2018.8745822"},{"issue":"18","key":"254_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24260","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.024260","volume":"26","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Xu F, Chen Y-A, Peng C-Z, Pan J-W. Large scale quantum key distribution: challenges and solutions. Opt Express. 2018;26(18):24260\u201373.","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"254_CR10","unstructured":"Hosseinidehaj N, Malaney R, Ng S, Hanzo L. Satellite-based continuous-variable quantum communications: state-of-the-art and a predictive outlook. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor. 2017;PP."},{"issue":"4","key":"254_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.361502","volume":"12","author":"S Pirandola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pirandola S, Andersen UL, Banchi L, Berta M, Bunandar D, Colbeck R, Englund D, Gehring T, Lupo C, Ottaviani C, Pereira JL, Razavi M, Shamsul Shaari J, Tomamichel M, Usenko VC, Vallone G, Villoresi P, Wallden P. Advances in quantum cryptography. Adv Opt Photonics. 2020;12(4):1012.","journal-title":"Adv Opt Photonics"},{"issue":"5","key":"254_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5016931","volume":"112","author":"F Gr\u00fcnenfelder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnenfelder F, Boaron A, Rusca D, Martin A, Zbinden H. Simple and high-speed polarization-based qkd. Appl Phys Lett. 2018;112(5):051108.","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.16.014006","volume":"16","author":"A V\u00e1zquez-Castro","year":"2021","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-Castro A, Rusca D, Zbinden H. Quantum keyless private communication versus quantum key distribution for space links. Phys Rev Appl. 2021;16(1):014006.","journal-title":"Phys Rev Appl"},{"key":"254_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedington R, Bai X, et al. Nanosatellite experiments to enable future space-based qkd missions. EPJ Quantum Technol. 2016;3(12).","DOI":"10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-016-0051-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-020-0079-6","volume":"7","author":"M Polnik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polnik M, Mazzarella L, Di Carlo M, Oi DKL, Riccardi A, Arulselvan A. Scheduling of space to ground quantum key distribution. EPJ Quantum Technol. 2020;7(1):3.","journal-title":"EPJ Quantum Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"254_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/10\/3\/033038","volume":"10","author":"P Villoresi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Villoresi P, Jennewein T, Tamburini F, Aspelmeyer M, Bonato C, Ursin R, Pernechele C, Luceri V, Bianco G, Zeilinger A et al.. Experimental verification of the feasibility of a quantum channel between space and Earth. New J Phys. 2008;10(3):033038.","journal-title":"New J Phys"},{"issue":"8","key":"254_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.107","volume":"11","author":"H Takenaka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takenaka H, Carrasco-Casado A, Fujiwara M, Kitamura M, Sasaki M, Toyoshima M. Satellite-to-ground quantum-limited communication using a 50-kg-class microsatellite. Nat Photonics. 2017;11(8):502\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Photonics"},{"key":"254_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu C-Y, Cao Y, Peng C-Z, Pan J-W. Micius quantum experiments in space. Rev Mod Phys. 2022;94(3).","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.94.035001"},{"key":"254_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villela T, Costa CA, Brand\u00e3o AM, Bueno FT, Leonardi R. Towards the thousandth cubesat: a statistical overview. Int J Aerosp Eng. 2019;2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5063145"},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-017-0060-1","volume":"4","author":"DKL Oi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oi DKL, Ling A, Vallone G, Villoresi P, Greenland S, Kerr E, Macdonald M, Weinfurter H, Kuiper H, Charbon E, Ursin R. CubeSat quantum communications mission. EPJ Quantum Technol. 2017;4(1):6.","journal-title":"EPJ Quantum Technol"},{"key":"254_CR21","volume-title":"Small satellite conference 18-III-05. DigitalCommons@USU","author":"R Haber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haber R, Garbe D, Schilling K, Rosenfeld W. Qube-a cubesat for quantum key distribution experiments. In: Small satellite conference 18-III-05. DigitalCommons@USU. 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-022-01123-7","volume":"6","author":"L de Forges de Parny","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Forges de Parny L, Alibart O, Debaud J, Gressani S, Lagarrigue A, Martin A, Metrat A, Schiavon M, Troisi T, Diamanti E et al.. Satellite-based quantum information networks: use cases, architecture, and roadmap. Commun Phys. 2023;6(1):12.","journal-title":"Commun Phys"},{"key":"254_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerstel E, Gardelein A, Barthelemy M, Gilot Y, LeCoarer E, Rodrigo J, Sequies T, Borne V, Bourdarot G, Christidis A, Segura J, Boulanger B, Boutou V, Bouzat M, Chabanol M, Fesquet L, Fourati H, Moulin M, Niot J-M, Bastos RP, Robu B, Rolland E, Toru S, Fink M, Joshi SK, Nanobob RU. A cubesat mission concept for quantum communication experiments in an uplink configuration. EPJ Quantum Technol. 2018;5(1).","DOI":"10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-018-0070-7"},{"key":"254_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang P, Sagar J, Hastings E, Stefko M, Joshi S, Rarity J. End-to-end demonstration for cubesatellite quantum key distribution. IET Quantum Commun. 2023.","DOI":"10.1049\/qtc2.12093"},{"key":"254_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennewein T, Simon C, Fougeres A, Babin F, Asadi FK, Kuntz KB, Maisonneuve M, Moffat B, Mohammadi K, Panneton D. Qeyssat 2.0\u2013white paper on satellite-based quantum communication missions in canada. 2023. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.02481.","DOI":"10.1139\/cjp-2023-0190"},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/cryptography4010007","volume":"4","author":"L Mazzarella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mazzarella L, Lowe C, Lowndes D, Joshi SK, Greenland S, McNeil D, Mercury C, Macdonald M, Rarity J, Oi DKL. Quarc: quantum research cubesat\u2014a constellation for quantum communication. Cryptography. 2020;4(1):7.","journal-title":"Cryptography"},{"key":"254_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dequal D, Vallone G, Bacco D, Gaiarin S, Luceri V, Bianco G, Villoresi P. Experimental single-photon exchange along a space link of 7000 km. Phys Rev A. 2016;93(1).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.93.010301"},{"issue":"6","key":"254_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.4.000611","volume":"4","author":"K G\u00fcnthner","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00fcnthner K, Khan I, Elser D, Stiller B, Bayraktar \u00d6, M\u00fcller CR, Saucke K, Tr\u00f6ndle D, Heine F, Seel S et al.. Quantum-limited measurements of optical signals from a geostationary satellite. Optica. 2017;4(6):611\u20136.","journal-title":"Optica"},{"issue":"14","key":"254_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.3018","volume":"81","author":"D Bru\u00df","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bru\u00dfD. Optimal eavesdropping in quantum cryptography with six states. Phys Rev Lett. 1998;81(14):3018.","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"254_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.59.4238","volume":"59","author":"H Bechmann-Pasquinucci","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bechmann-Pasquinucci H, Gisin N. Incoherent and coherent eavesdropping in the six-state protocol of quantum cryptography. Phys Rev A. 1999;59(6):4238.","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"key":"254_CR31","first-page":"298","volume-title":"Quantum devices and circuits, proceedings of the international conference","author":"SN Molotkov","year":"1996","unstructured":"Molotkov SN, Nazin SS. Quantum cryptography based on the time\u2013energy uncertainty relation. In: Quantum devices and circuits, proceedings of the international conference. Singapore: World Scientific; 1996. p. 298."},{"issue":"3","key":"254_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s003400050067","volume":"70","author":"B-S Shi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shi B-S, Jiang Y-K, Guo G-C. Quantum key distribution using different-frequency photons. Appl Phys B. 2000;70(3):415\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Phys B"},{"issue":"4","key":"254_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.74.042342","volume":"74","author":"C-HF Fung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fung C-HF, Lo H-K. Security proof of a three-state quantum-key-distribution protocol without rotational symmetry. Phys Rev A. 2006;74(4):042342.","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"issue":"5","key":"254_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.90.052314","volume":"90","author":"K Tamaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tamaki K, Curty M, Kato G, Lo H-K, Azuma K. Loss-tolerant quantum cryptography with imperfect sources. Phys Rev A. 2014;90(5):052314.","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"issue":"5","key":"254_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.98.052336","volume":"98","author":"D Rusca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rusca D, Boaron A, Curty M, Martin A, Zbinden H. Security proof for a simplified Bennett-brassard 1984 quantum-key-distribution protocol. Phys Rev A. 2018;98(5):052336.","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"issue":"6","key":"254_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.1330","volume":"85","author":"G Brassard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brassard G, L\u00fctkenhaus N, Mor T, Sanders BC. Limitations on practical quantum cryptography. Phys Rev Lett. 2000;85(6):1330.","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"254_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.61.052304","volume":"61","author":"N L\u00fctkenhaus","year":"2000","unstructured":"L\u00fctkenhaus N. Security against individual attacks for realistic quantum key distribution. Phys Rev A. 2000;61(5):052304.","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"issue":"5","key":"254_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.91.057901","volume":"91","author":"W-Y Hwang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hwang W-Y. Quantum key distribution with high loss: toward global secure communication. Phys Rev Lett. 2003;91(5):057901.","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"23","key":"254_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.230504","volume":"94","author":"H-K Lo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lo H-K, Ma X, Chen K. Decoy state quantum key distribution. Phys Rev Lett. 2005;94(23):230504.","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"23","key":"254_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.230503","volume":"94","author":"X-B Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang X-B. Beating the photon-number-splitting attack in practical quantum cryptography. Phys Rev Lett. 2005;94(23):230503.","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.72.012326","volume":"72","author":"X Ma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ma X, Qi B, Zhao Y, Lo H-K. Practical decoy state for quantum key distribution. Phys Rev A. 2005;72(1):012326.","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"issue":"6","key":"254_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/16\/6\/063009","volume":"16","author":"M Hayashi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hayashi M, Nakayama R. Security analysis of the decoy method with the Bennett\u2013brassard 1984 protocol for finite key lengths. New J Phys. 2014;16(6):063009.","journal-title":"New J Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"254_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.89.022307","volume":"89","author":"CCW Lim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim CCW, Curty M, Walenta N, Xu F, Zbinden H. Concise security bounds for practical decoy-state quantum key distribution. Phys Rev A. 2014;89(2):022307.","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"issue":"17","key":"254_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5023340","volume":"112","author":"D Rusca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rusca D, Boaron A, Gr\u00fcnenfelder F, Martin A, Zbinden H. Finite-key analysis for the 1-decoy state qkd protocol. Appl Phys Lett. 2018;112(17):171104.","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"254_CR45","unstructured":"Davide R. Security of quantum cryptography: from quantum random key generation to quantum key distribution. PhD thesis. University of Geneva; 2020."},{"key":"254_CR46","unstructured":"Sidhu JS, Brougham T, McArthur D, Pousa RG, Oi DK. Satellite quantum modelling & analysis software version 1.1: documentation. 2021. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.01686."},{"issue":"4","key":"254_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1949.tb00928.x","volume":"28","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1949","unstructured":"Shannon CE. Communication theory of secrecy systems. Bell Syst Tech J. 1949;28(4):656\u2013715.","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"issue":"8","key":"254_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1975.tb02040.x","volume":"54","author":"AD Wyner","year":"1975","unstructured":"Wyner AD. The wire-tap channel. Bell Syst Tech J. 1975;54(8):1355\u201387.","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"issue":"4","key":"254_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s11122-005-0002-x","volume":"40","author":"N Cai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cai N, Winter A, Yeung RW. Quantum privacy and quantum wiretap channels. Probl Inf Transm. 2004;40(4):318\u201336.","journal-title":"Probl Inf Transm"},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2004.839515","volume":"51","author":"I Devetak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Devetak I. The private classical capacity and quantum capacity of a quantum channel. IEEE Trans Inf Theory. 2005;51(1):44\u201355.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Theory"},{"key":"254_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2963771","volume":"15","author":"M Hayashi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hayashi M, V\u00e1zquez-Castro \u00c1. Physical layer security protocol for Poisson channels for passive man-in-the-middle attack. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur. 2020;15:2295\u2013305.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"254_CR52","unstructured":"Ghalaii M, Bahrani S, Liorni C, Grasselli F, Kampermann H, Wooltorton L, Kumar R, Pirandola S, Spiller TP, Ling A, et al. Realistic threat models for satellite-based quantum key distribution. 2022. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.04807."},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-018-0068-1","volume":"5","author":"SP Neumann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neumann SP, Joshi SK, Fink M, Scheidl T, Blach R, Scharlemann C, Abouagaga S, Bambery D, Kerstel E, Barthelemy M et al.. Q3sat: quantum communications uplink to a 3U cubesat\u2014feasibility & design. EPJ Quantum Technol. 2018;5(1):4.","journal-title":"EPJ Quantum Technol"},{"issue":"26","key":"254_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4886761","volume":"104","author":"ZL Yuan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yuan ZL, Lucamarini M, Dynes JF, Fr\u00f6hlich B, Plews A, Shields AJ. Robust random number generation using steady-state emission of gain-switched laser diodes. Appl Phys Lett. 2014;104(26):261112.","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"254_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.16.054012","volume":"16","author":"V Lovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lovic V, Marangon DG, Lucamarini M, Yuan Z, Shields AJ. Characterizing phase noise in a gain-switched laser diode for quantum random-number generation. Phys Rev Appl. 2021;16(5):054012.","journal-title":"Phys Rev Appl"},{"key":"254_CR56","unstructured":"Perlot N, Dreischer T, Weinert C, Perdigues J. Optical geo feeder link design. 2012 Future Network and Mobile Summit, FutureNetw 2012. 2012."},{"key":"254_CR57","first-page":"358","volume-title":"International Conference on Space Optics\u2014ICSO 2018","author":"K Cahoy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cahoy K, Grenfell P, Crews A, Long M, Serra P, Nguyen A, Fitzgerald R, Haughwout C, Diez R, Aguilar A et al.. The cubesat laser infrared crosslink mission (click). In: International Conference on Space Optics\u2014ICSO 2018. vol. 11180. Bellingham: SPIE; 2019. p. 358\u201369."},{"key":"254_CR58","volume-title":"4th symposium on space educational activities","author":"J Rev\u00e9s","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rev\u00e9s J, Viveiros I, Cunha R, Rocha R, Monteiro JP, Borralho A, Andr\u00e9 P, Niehus M, Mendes P, Ruas J et al.. Quantsat-pt: an attitude determination and control system architecture for qkd. In: 4th symposium on space educational activities. Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya; 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-022-00525-3","volume":"8","author":"JS Sidhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sidhu JS, Brougham T, McArthur D, Pousa RG, Oi DK. Finite key effects in satellite quantum key distribution. npj Quantum Inf. 2022;8(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"npj Quantum Inf"},{"key":"254_CR60","volume":"159","author":"I del Portillo Barrios","year":"2019","unstructured":"del Portillo Barrios I, Cameron B, Crawley E. A technical comparison of three low Earth orbit satellite constellation systems to provide global broadband. Acta Astronaut. 2019;159:03.","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut"},{"key":"254_CR61","unstructured":"Yost B, Weston S, Benavides G, Krage F, Hines J, Mauro S, Etchey S, O\u2019Neill K, Braun B. State of the art: small spacecraft technology. Technical Report 20210021263. NASA Ames Research Center; 2021."},{"key":"254_CR62","first-page":"201","volume-title":"International Conference on Space Optics\u2014ICSO 2018","author":"TS Rose","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rose TS, Rowen DW, LaLumondiere S, Werner NI, Linares R, Faler A, Wicker J, Coffman CM, Maul GA, Chien DH et al.. Optical communications downlink from a 1.5 u cubesat: ocsd program. In: International Conference on Space Optics\u2014ICSO 2018. vol. 11180. Bellingham: SPIE; 2019. p. 201\u201312."},{"key":"254_CR63","volume-title":"Small satellite conference 17-XI-01. DigitalCommons@USU","author":"R Welle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Welle R, Utter A, Rose T, Fuller J, Gates K, Oakes B, Janson S. A cubesat-based optical communication network for low Earth orbit. In: Small satellite conference 17-XI-01. DigitalCommons@USU. 2017."},{"key":"254_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSOS53063.2022.9749715","volume-title":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS)","author":"H Tomio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tomio H, Grenfell P, Kammerer W, Serra P, \u010cierny O, Lindsay C, Garcia M, Cahoy K, Clark M, Coogan D, Conklin J, Mayer D, Stupl J, Hanson J. Development and testing of the laser transmitter and pointing, acquisition, and tracking system for the cubesat laser infrared crosslink (click) b\/c mission. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS). 2022. p. 224\u201331."},{"key":"254_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinhauer S, Gyger S, Zwiller V. Progress on large-scale superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Appl Phys Lett. 2021;118(10).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0044057"},{"issue":"3","key":"254_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00045-5","volume":"65","author":"A Berk","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berk A, Bernstein LS, Anderson GP, Acharya PK, Robertson DC, Chetwynd JH, Adler-Golden SM. Modtran cloud and multiple scattering upgrades with application to aviris. Remote Sens Environ. 1998;65(3):367\u201375.","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"issue":"5","key":"254_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1647-2016","volume":"9","author":"C Emde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emde C, Buras-Schnell R, Kylling A, Mayer B, Gasteiger J, Hamann U, Kylling J, Richter B, Pause C, Dowling T, Bugliaro L. The libradtran software package for radiative transfer calculations (version 2.0.1). Geosci Model Dev. 2016;9(5):1647\u201372.","journal-title":"Geosci Model Dev"},{"key":"254_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1117\/12.878313","volume-title":"Free-space laser communication technologies XXIII","author":"BS Robinson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robinson BS, Boroson DM, Burianek DA, Murphy DV. Overview of the lunar laser communications demonstration. In: Free-space laser communication technologies XXIII. vol. 7923. Bellingham: SPIE; 2011. p. 9\u201312."},{"issue":"21","key":"254_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122110944","volume":"12","author":"N Maharjan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maharjan N, Devkota N, Kim BW. Atmospheric effects on satellite\u2013ground free space uplink and downlink optical transmissions. Appl Sci. 2022;12(21):10944.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"254_CR70","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Quantum technology: driving commercialisation of an enabling science II","author":"T Brougham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brougham T, Oi DKL. Medium-range terrestrial free-space qkd performance modelling and analysis. In: Quantum technology: driving commercialisation of an enabling science II. vol. 11881. Bellingham: SPIE; 2021. p. 14\u201323."},{"issue":"1","key":"254_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-023-01299-6","volume":"6","author":"T Islam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Islam T, Sidhu JS, Higgins BL, Brougham T, Vergoossen T, Oi DKL, Jennewein T, Ling A. Finite resource performance of small satellite-based quantum key distribution missions. Commun Phys. 2023;6(1):210.","journal-title":"Commun Phys"},{"key":"254_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boaron A, Boso G, Rusca D, Vulliez C, Autebert C, Caloz M, Perrenoud M, Gras G, Bussi\u00e8res F, Li M-J, Nolan D, Martin A, Zbinden H. Secure quantum key distribution over 421 km of optical fiber. Phys Rev Lett. 2018;121(19).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.190502"},{"issue":"6","key":"254_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.17.064034","volume":"17","author":"C-X Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu C-X, Chen Z-Y, Li Y, Wang X-Z, Wang C-Z, Zhu Y-L, Liang F-T, Cai W-Q, Jin G, Liao S-K et al.. Experimental quantum key distribution with integrated silicon photonics and electronics. Phys Rev Appl. 2022;17(6):064034.","journal-title":"Phys Rev Appl"}],"container-title":["EPJ Quantum Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-024-00254-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-024-00254-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-024-00254-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T05:06:20Z","timestamp":1732511180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-024-00254-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-024-00254-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-4400","2196-0763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-4400","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-0763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"48"}}