{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T04:24:37Z","timestamp":1765772677685},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Neur. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This research is part of a wider project to build predictive models of bone age using hand radiograph images. We examine ways of finding the outline of a hand from an X-ray as the first stage in segmenting the image into constituent bones. We assess a variety of algorithms including contouring, which has not previously been used in this context. We introduce a novel ensemble algorithm for combining outlines using two voting schemes, a likelihood ratio test and dynamic time warping (DTW). Our goal is to minimize the human intervention required, hence we investigate alternative ways of training a classifier to determine whether an outline is in fact correct or not. We evaluate outlining and classification on a set of 1370 images. We conclude that ensembling with DTW improves performance of all outlining algorithms, that the contouring algorithm used with the DTW ensemble performs the best of those assessed, and that the most effective classifier of hand outlines assessed is a random forest applied to outlines transformed into principal components. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0129065712500207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,24]],"date-time":"2012-08-24T01:23:24Z","timestamp":1345771404000},"page":"1250020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["ON THE SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF HAND RADIOGRAPHS"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"LUKE M.","family":"DAVIS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"BARRY-JOHN","family":"THEOBALD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"JASON","family":"LINES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"ANDONI","family":"TOMS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Radiology Academy, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UB, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"ANTHONY","family":"BAGNALL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"rf1","volume-title":"Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height","author":"Tanner J. M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"rf2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2008.926067"},{"key":"rf3","first-page":"285","volume":"11","author":"Otsu N.","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"rf4","first-page":"679","volume":"8","author":"Canny J.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"rf5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927467"},{"key":"rf7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.05.032"},{"key":"rf8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.595468"},{"key":"rf9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.467192"},{"key":"rf10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(00)00026-4"},{"key":"rf11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23878-9_12"},{"key":"rf12","author":"Hsieh C. W.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"rf13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0155-9"},{"key":"rf14","volume-title":"Age Estimation in the Living","author":"Schmeling A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"rf15","first-page":"603","volume":"24","author":"Rotch T. M.","journal-title":"Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians"},{"key":"rf16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-005-0040-3"},{"key":"rf17","volume-title":"Atlas of Skeletal Maturation","author":"Todd T. W.","year":"1937"},{"key":"rf18","volume-title":"Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist: Based on the Brush Foundation Study of Human Growth and Development","author":"Greulich W. W.","year":"1950"},{"key":"rf19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-195909000-00030","volume-title":"Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist","author":"Greulich W.","year":"1959"},{"key":"rf20","volume-title":"Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height","volume":"16","author":"Tanner J. M.","year":"1975"},{"key":"rf22","first-page":"498","volume":"88","author":"Acheson R. M.","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"rf23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.81.2.172"},{"key":"rf24","first-page":"1","volume":"185","author":"Andersen E.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Scand."},{"key":"rf25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470100531"},{"key":"rf26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(02)00076-9"},{"key":"rf27","first-page":"45","volume":"17","author":"Zielinski B.","journal-title":"Schedae Informaticae"},{"key":"rf28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.148672"},{"key":"rf29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4233.897061"},{"key":"rf30","first-page":"1197","volume":"5032","author":"Niemeijer M.","journal-title":"SPIE Med. Imaging"},{"key":"rf32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029666.37597.d3"},{"key":"rf36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065710002528"},{"key":"rf37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065711003012"},{"key":"rf39","volume-title":"Hand Bone Age: A Digital Atlas of Skeletal Maturity","author":"Gilsanz V.","year":"2005"},{"key":"rf40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S012906570800152X"},{"key":"rf41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065709001811"},{"key":"rf42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23878-9_48"},{"key":"rf43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1656274.1656278"},{"key":"rf44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065708001725"},{"key":"rf45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065711002961"},{"key":"rf46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"rf47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.211"},{"key":"rf48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200006)43:6<1378::AID-ANR23>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"rf49","first-page":"305","volume":"15","author":"Tadeusiewicz R.","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"rf50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2006.03.014"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Neural Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0129065712500207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T12:22:01Z","timestamp":1565094121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S0129065712500207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0129065712500207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0129065712500207","relation":{},"ISSN":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0129-0657","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6462","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]]}}}