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Thus, if the present processing methods are adapted to complement very-large-scale circuit design techniques, it is anticipated that it will engender a more feasible approach to the physical construction of the artificial retina. The computational model presented in this research serves to provide a fast and accurate predictive model of the retina, a deeper understanding of neural responses to visual stimulation, and an architecture that can realistically be transformed into a hardware device. Traditionally, implicit (or semi-implicit) ordinary differential equations (OES) have been used for optimal speed and accuracy. We present a novel approach that requires the effective integration of different dynamical time scales within a unified framework of neural responses, where the rod, cone, amacrine, bipolar, and ganglion cells correspond to the implemented pathways. Furthermore, we show that adopting numerical integration can both accelerate retinal pathway simulations by more than 50% when compared with traditional ODE solvers in some cases, and prove to be a more realizable solution for the hardware implementation of predictive retinal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0129065718500041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T06:44:41Z","timestamp":1518590681000},"page":"1850004","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Formulation and Implementation of Nonlinear Integral Equations to Model Neural Dynamics Within the Vertebrate Retina"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jason K.","family":"Eshraghian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia"}]},{"given":"Seungbum","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Jun-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Nicolangelo","family":"Iannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK"}]},{"given":"Kyoungrok","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Yong Sook","family":"Goo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Herbert H. 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