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The causality measure of partial mutual information from mixed embedding (PMIME), designed to estimate direct lag-causal effects in the presence of many observed variables, is adapted to estimate also zero-lag effects, the so-called instantaneous causality. We term the proposed advanced method, PMIME0. The estimation of instantaneous causality by PMIME0 is a signature of the presence of hidden source in the observed system, as demonstrated analytically in a toy model. It is further demonstrated that the PMIME0 identifies the true instantaneous with great accuracy in a variety of high-dimensional dynamical systems. The method is applied to EEG data with epileptiform discharges (EDs), and the results imply a strong impact of unobserved confounders during the EDs. This finding comes as a possible explanation for the increased levels of causality during epileptic seizures estimated by some measures affected by the presence of a common source. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s012906571850051x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T04:05:27Z","timestamp":1540785927000},"page":"1850051","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Identification of Hidden Sources by Estimating Instantaneous Causality in High-Dimensional Biomedical Time Series"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Koutlis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece"}]},{"given":"Vasilios K.","family":"Kimiskidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Kugiumtzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S012906571850051XBIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00018732.2011.572452"},{"key":"S012906571850051XBIB002","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Brain Network Analysis","author":"Fornito A.","year":"2016","edition":"1"},{"issue":"6","key":"S012906571850051XBIB003","first-page":"616","volume":"23","author":"delEtoile J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci."},{"key":"S012906571850051XBIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0008"},{"key":"S012906571850051XBIB005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.08.033"},{"key":"S012906571850051XBIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1143-0"},{"key":"S012906571850051XBIB007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065715500318"},{"key":"S012906571850051XBIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065717500204"},{"key":"S012906571850051XBIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7319281"},{"issue":"2016","key":"S012906571850051XBIB010","volume":"9","author":"Bastos A. 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