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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCIs) can be used in real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI NF) investigations to provide feedback on brain activity to enable voluntary regulation of the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal from localized brain regions. However, the temporal pattern of successful self-regulation is dynamic and complex. In particular, the general linear model (GLM) assumes fixed temporal model functions and misses other dynamics. We propose a novel data-driven analyses approach for rtfMRI NF using intersubject covariance (ISC) analysis. The potential of ISC was examined in a reanalysis of data from 21 healthy individuals and nine patients with post-traumatic stress-disorder (PTSD) performing up-regulation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). ISC in the PTSD group differed from healthy controls in a network including the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). In both cohorts, ISC decreased throughout the experiment indicating the development of individual regulation strategies. ISC analyses are a promising approach to reveal novel information on the mechanisms involved in voluntary self-regulation of brain signals and thus extend the results from GLM-based methods. ISC enables a novel set of research questions that can guide future neurofeedback and neuroimaging investigations. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s012906572150043x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T02:54:01Z","timestamp":1632365641000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Data-Driven Approach to the Analysis of Real-Time FMRI Neurofeedback Data: Disorder-Specific Brain Synchrony in PTSD"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jana","family":"Zweerings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA-Brain, Research Center J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiira","family":"Sarasj\u00e4rvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krystyna Anna","family":"Mathiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA-Brain, Research Center J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Iglesias-Fuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengyu","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, P. 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