{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T01:13:18Z","timestamp":1770772398620,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"02","funder":[{"name":"the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran","award":["398992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["398992"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Neur. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many studies in the field of sleep have focused on connectivity and coherence. Still, the nonstationary nature of electroencephalography (EEG) makes many of the previous methods unsuitable for automatic sleep detection. Time-frequency representations and high-order spectra are applied to nonstationary signal analysis and nonlinearity investigation, respectively. Therefore, combining wavelet and bispectrum, wavelet-based bi-phase (Wbiph) was proposed and used as a novel feature for sleep\u2013wake classification. The results of the statistical analysis with emphasis on the importance of the gamma rhythm in sleep detection show that the Wbiph is more potent than coherence in the wake\u2013sleep classification. The Wbiph has not been used in sleep studies before. However, the results and inherent advantages, such as the use of wavelet and bispectrum in its definition, suggest it as an excellent alternative to coherence. In the next part of this paper, a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier was applied for the sleep\u2013wake classification by Wbiph. The classification accuracy was 97.17% in nonLOSO and 95.48% in LOSO cross-validation, which is the best among previous studies on sleep\u2013wake classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0129065722500046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T16:54:04Z","timestamp":1640883244000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Wavelet-Based Biphase Analysis of Brain Rhythms in Automated Wake\u2013Sleep Classification"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioelectrics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}]},{"given":"Bahador","family":"Makkiabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical, Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Bagher","family":"Shamsollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"}]},{"given":"Parham","family":"Reisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Kermani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioelectrics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"S0129065722500046BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz095","volume":"42","author":"Puentes-Mestril C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"S0129065722500046BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07882-8","volume":"10","author":"Tan L. L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"S0129065722500046BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.02.004","volume":"42","author":"Mishra A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"21","key":"S0129065722500046BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.09.016","volume":"28","author":"Fuentemilla L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB005","first-page":"120","volume":"23","author":"Zucconi M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Sleep Res. Soc."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB006","volume-title":"Kaplan and Sadock\u2019s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences\/Clinical Psychiatry","author":"Sadock B. J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.05.010","volume":"110","author":"Sadeghi R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab965a"},{"issue":"5","key":"S0129065722500046BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056017","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abb5be","volume":"17","author":"Fan J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24669","volume":"99","author":"Edde M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"S0129065722500046BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150009","DOI":"10.1142\/S012906572150009X","volume":"31","author":"Gra\u00f1a M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neural Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"S0129065722500046BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150047","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065721500477","volume":"31","author":"Feng N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neural Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"S0129065722500046BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150001","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065721500015","volume":"31","author":"Zhu Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neural Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"S0129065722500046BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsz081","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz081","volume":"42","author":"Migliorelli C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.76.1804"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0129065722500046BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2012.2207103","volume":"43","author":"Kar S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet."},{"issue":"2","key":"S0129065722500046BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-008-0071-4","volume":"22","author":"Dimitriadis S. I.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"issue":"5","key":"S0129065722500046BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.155","volume":"3","author":"Leveille C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23736"},{"issue":"4","key":"S0129065722500046BIB020","first-page":"zsx024","volume":"40","author":"Desjardins M.-E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"9","key":"S0129065722500046BIB021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa81b5","volume":"38","author":"Lioi G.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37186-2","volume":"9","author":"Lee M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"S0129065722500046BIB023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.04.710","volume":"130","author":"Bai Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"S0129065722500046BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1519-4","volume":"55","author":"da Silveira T. L. T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00181","volume":"9","author":"Tsanas A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"S0129065722500046BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2015.11.001","volume":"36","author":"Hassan A. R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"S0129065722500046BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2009.08.005","volume":"20","author":"Uebeyli E. D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"issue":"5","key":"S0129065722500046BIB028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1159\/000511306","volume":"83","author":"Moradi F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.886855"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.08.020"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB031","first-page":"4265","volume-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Proc.","author":"Sakkalis V.","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059412444970"},{"issue":"5","key":"S0129065722500046BIB034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056011","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/5\/056011","volume":"8","author":"Li D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"S0129065722500046BIB035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes397","volume":"110","author":"Li D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB036","first-page":"677","volume":"36","author":"Keissar K.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"S0129065722500046BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.008","volume":"48","author":"Li X.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065715500288"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB039","first-page":"2300","volume-title":"IEEE Reg. 10 Annu. Int. Conf. Proceedings\/TENCON","author":"Sagila G. K."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ICA-2010-0345"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-019-04146-4"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2017.2682102"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-019-04359-7"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065721500350"},{"issue":"8","key":"S0129065722500046BIB045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150022","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065721500222","volume":"31","author":"Peng P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neural Syst."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.09.017"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000512985"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2018.04.012"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.23.e215"},{"issue":"1","key":"S0129065722500046BIB050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00700.x","volume":"18","author":"Danker-Hopfe H.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB051","author":"Rechtschaffen A.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Brain Inf. Serv."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB052","author":"Iber C.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Terminol. Tech. Specif."},{"issue":"11","key":"S0129065722500046BIB053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/20.11.939","volume":"20","author":"McCormick L.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"S0129065722500046BIB054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019992523246","volume":"15","author":"Happe S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/57.4.355"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0129065722500046BIB056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/13.3.279","volume":"13","author":"Van Sweden B.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e18090272"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5025","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6610677","volume-title":"2013 35th Annual Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. (EMBC)","author":"Phan H.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0129065722500046BIB059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.07.006","volume":"112","author":"Varun B.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB060","volume-title":"Computational EEG Analysis","author":"Choi J. W.","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.1993.978564","volume-title":"Proc. th Annual Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc.","author":"Nikias C. L.","year":"1993"},{"issue":"10","key":"S0129065722500046BIB062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2024267","volume":"57","author":"Nichols J. M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.04.009"},{"issue":"8","key":"S0129065722500046BIB064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1063\/1.871199","volume":"2","author":"Van Milligen B. P.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0129065722500046BIB065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36207","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.81.036207","volume":"81","author":"Jam\u0161ek J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2008.02.015"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0058-9_17","volume-title":"Computational Science and Technology","author":"Wong Z. J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8406-6_37","volume-title":"Smart Systems and IoT: Innovations in Computing","author":"Agarwal M.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"S0129065722500046BIB070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2019.9010055","volume":"25","author":"Xin R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci. Technol."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2020.01.017","volume":"124","author":"Raghu S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"issue":"1","key":"S0129065722500046BIB072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010168","volume":"20","author":"Yang C.-L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0129065722500046BIB073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036207","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.81.036207","volume":"81","author":"Jam\u0161ek J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"issue":"6","key":"S0129065722500046BIB074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2019.2912955","volume":"17","author":"Sokolovsky M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform."},{"key":"S0129065722500046BIB075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2018.11.005","volume":"49","author":"Rolink J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"S0129065722500046BIB076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2284610","volume":"18","author":"Long X.","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Heal. Inf."},{"issue":"2","key":"S0129065722500046BIB077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2008.2008817","volume":"3","author":"Karlen W.","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"S0129065722500046BIB078","first-page":"012017","volume":"428","author":"Li W.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"448","key":"S0129065722500046BIB079","first-page":"1271","volume":"35","author":"Mohammadi E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Isfahan Med. Sch."},{"issue":"9","key":"S0129065722500046BIB080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.3006145","volume":"25","author":"Chen Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Heal. Inf."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Neural Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0129065722500046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]],"date-time":"2023-01-21T04:35:15Z","timestamp":1674275715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S0129065722500046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0129065722500046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0129065722500046","relation":{},"ISSN":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0129-0657","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6462","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"article-number":"2250004"}}