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To address this limitation, we propose an Attention-Gated Spiking Neural membrane system (AGSNP), which incorporates an attention-guided gating mechanism directly into the spiking neuron dynamics. Unlike prior SNP models that treat attention as an external aggregation operation, AGSNP embeds attention signals into the nonlinear spiking update and memory regulation process. This design enables adaptive information propagation across distant structural components while preserving biologically inspired spiking behavior. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture, AGSNP is instantiated within a graph-based learning framework and applied to Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) prediction. Experiments on three publicly available benchmark datasets demonstrate that AGSNP consistently outperforms representative baseline methods. Notably, under limited data availability and severe class imbalance, the proposed model achieves improvements of approximately 2.0\u20135.7% in AUC and related metrics on the Tox21 dataset, and 3.5\u201317.0% on the MUV dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0129065726500231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T03:24:42Z","timestamp":1770348282000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Attention-Gated Graph Spiking Neural Membrane System for Structure-Activity Relationship Prediction"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9599-3718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8765-053X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4736-0164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2046-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 10050, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7548-7472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SWJTU-LEEDS Joint School Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2438-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiali","family":"Hei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette 70503, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1166"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51594\/csitrj.v5i4.1048"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46569-1"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1104"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad774"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3448455"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10669-z"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2010.492827"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.6b00367"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13748-016-0094-0"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ci500747n"},{"key":"S0129065726500231BIB012","unstructured":"B. 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