{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T23:03:37Z","timestamp":1776899017728,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Asia Pac. J. Oper. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> An important area of research involving the benchmarking methodology data envelopment analysis (DEA), concerns the modeling of multistage situations. In the usual multistage settings, it is generally assumed that all decision-making units (DMUs) have the same number and configuration of stages. However, in many real-world examples, this assumption does not hold. Consider, for example, a supply chain setting where for some DMUs, products are shipped directly from a supplier to a retailer (single-stage), while for other DMUs, products can be transshipped through distribution centers (two or more stages). In the current paper, we investigate an efficiency measurement situation where the DMUs exhibit a mix of single and two-stage setups. The particular case examined involves a set of high technology firms that can be thought of as falling into two groups; those firms where the output of interest is the annual revenue generated, and those that not only generate revenue, but as well invest a portion of that revenue in R&amp;D. Firms in the first group can be viewed as being single-stage DMUs while those in the other group are of the two-stage type. The modeling complication here is that the set of DMUs do not explicitly form a homogeneous set of units. We develop a DEA-style model aimed at measuring efficiency in the presence of such nonhomogeneous two-group structures. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0217595917500324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,23]],"date-time":"2017-11-23T22:18:34Z","timestamp":1511475514000},"page":"1750032","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficiency Measurement of Multistage Processes: Context Dependent Numbers of Stages"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Wade D.","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Business, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanyin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. 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