{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T15:25:49Z","timestamp":1763911549261,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"03","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["71771179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71771179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Pujiang Program","award":["17PJC099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17PJC099"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Asia Pac. J. Oper. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper studies efficiency loss and coordination mechanism in a supply chain with one online retailer and multiple competitive shipping companies in the presence of congestion effects. We build a three-level game between customers, shipping companies and the retailer. The equilibrium market structure is determined. The optimal volume\u2013investment ratio for each shipping company is the same for both centralized and decentralized supply chains, and it is dependent on the delivery time function, independent of competitors\u2019 decisions. The efficiency loss of the decentralized supply chain with one retailer and one shipping company is found to be 1\/4, independent of the delivery time function and the demand function. The loss is reduced when competition is introduced into shipping companies and an upper bound of efficiency loss with multiple homogeneous shipping companies is derived. Revenue-sharing contracts may be designed to allow the decentralized supply chain to perform as well as a centralized one. The necessity of coordination is reduced when competition is introduced and the number of competitive companies increases. Finally, we extend the model to consider heterogeneous shipping companies and find that the disparity between shipping companies increases the efficiency loss because in the decentralized supply chain less efficient shipping companies also provide service. This research explicates the relationship options between e-commerce retailers and shipping companies, providing managerial insights for industry practitioners. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0217595921500251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T14:56:26Z","timestamp":1621608986000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficiency Loss and Coordination in the Online Shopping Supply Chain with Competitive Shipping Companies"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Yihong","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies, Pennsylvania, State University, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"S0217595921500251BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2008.06.004","volume":"66","author":"Acemoglu D","year":"2009","journal-title":"Games and Economic Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"S0217595921500251BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.1090.0266","volume":"12","author":"Afanasyev M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Manufacturing & Service Operations Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"S0217595921500251BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1060.0337","volume":"55","author":"Allon G","year":"2007","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"S0217595921500251BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2016.2430","volume":"63","author":"Belavina E","year":"2017","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1040.0218"},{"issue":"2","key":"S0217595921500251BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.1100.0315","volume":"13","author":"Cachon GP","year":"2011","journal-title":"Manufacturing & Service Operations Management"},{"issue":"10","key":"S0217595921500251BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.48.10.1314.271","volume":"48","author":"Cachon GP","year":"2002","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1040.0215"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.1070.0177"},{"issue":"1","key":"S0217595921500251BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.1120.0036","volume":"5","author":"Choi TM","year":"2013","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2017.1377355"},{"issue":"5","key":"S0217595921500251BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orl.2011.06.011","volume":"39","author":"DiPalantino D","year":"2011","journal-title":"Operations Research Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"S0217595921500251BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850036","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217595918500367","volume":"35","author":"Du N","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"S0217595921500251BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2202\/1538-0653.1246","volume":"4","author":"Engel EM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Topics in Economic Analysis & Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"S0217595921500251BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1090.1019","volume":"55","author":"Foros \u00d8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2018.08.004","volume":"215","author":"Govindan K","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"4","key":"S0217595921500251BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.2012.01391.x","volume":"22","author":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0217595921500251BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.2017.0173","volume":"9","author":"Guo X","year":"2017","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2018.08.011","volume":"118","author":"Hou R","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"S0217595921500251BIB022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2016.2564920","volume":"47","author":"Hua Z","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2014.07.026","volume":"76","author":"Jiang L","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"S0217595921500251BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1100.0827","volume":"58","author":"Johari R","year":"2010","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"S0217595921500251BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2011.04.003","volume":"47","author":"Liu TL","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"S0217595921500251BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2014.133","volume":"67","author":"Liu X","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Operational Research Society"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSTL.2015.067851"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2016.05.022"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2018.05.006","volume":"116","author":"Liu W","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2012.720390"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2012.12.011"},{"issue":"6","key":"S0217595921500251BIB033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750029","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217595917500294","volume":"34","author":"Liu W","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0217595921500251BIB034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.12.007","volume":"275","author":"Marand AJ","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"S0217595921500251BIB035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-019-09379-y","volume":"19","author":"Niu B","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electronic Commerce Research"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0656"},{"issue":"11","key":"S0217595921500251BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2014.1943","volume":"60","author":"Perakis G","year":"2014","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"volume-title":"The Economics of Welfare.","year":"1920","author":"Pigou AC","key":"S0217595921500251BIB038"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2003.06.004"},{"issue":"4","key":"S0217595921500251BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2.4.392.12336","volume":"2","author":"So KC","year":"2000","journal-title":"Manufacturing & Service Operations Management"},{"key":"S0217595921500251BIB041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.09.138"},{"issue":"1","key":"S0217595921500251BIB042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2020.05.049","volume":"288","author":"Wang X","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0217595921500251BIB043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1680\/ipeds.1952.11259","volume":"1","author":"Wardrop JG","year":"1952","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0217595921500251BIB044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2006.05.002","volume":"41","author":"Xiao F","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0217595921500251BIB045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.1120.0021","volume":"4","author":"Xiao T","year":"2012","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"S0217595921500251BIB046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2019.1671622","volume":"58","author":"Yan B","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"S0217595921500251BIB047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2007.01.049","volume":"186","author":"Yao Z","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"S0217595921500251BIB048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2012.01.014","volume":"53","author":"Yao Y","year":"2012","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"issue":"7","key":"S0217595921500251BIB049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2015.1057300","volume":"54","author":"Zhang J","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"issue":"18","key":"S0217595921500251BIB050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2017.1322731","volume":"55","author":"Zhang M","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"}],"container-title":["Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0217595921500251","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T03:12:57Z","timestamp":1655349177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/10.1142\/S0217595921500251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0217595921500251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0217595921500251","relation":{},"ISSN":["0217-5959","1793-7019"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0217-5959"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1793-7019"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"article-number":"2150025"}}