{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:31:51Z","timestamp":1753882311459,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"02","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["17BGL236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17BGL236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Asia Pac. J. Oper. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In this paper, we consider a dual-channel farming supply chain with two farmers and one distributor, where agriculture products produced by farmers have different quality levels. Farmers sell high-quality products to supermarkets and normal-quality products to small retail markets, respectively. Three scenarios are investigated: decentralized selling through the distributor to supermarkets (the DD mode); centralized selling through the distributor to supermarkets (the CD mode); centralized selling directly to supermarkets (the CS mode). Under the CS mode, farmers need to bear some extra sale cost such as inventory and transportation cost. We derive farmers\u2019 optimal strategies of production effort and quality investment. It turns out that as farming scale expands, farmers\u2019 production effort decreases, while quality investment increases. Moreover, two farmers\u2019 quality investments are the highest under the CS mode and the least under the DD mode. black Further analysis indicates that farmers\u2019 total profits are generally the highest under the CS mode, but farmers obtain the highest profits under the CD mode if farmers\u2019 extra sale cost under the CS mode exceeds a certain level. Therefore, to improve farmers\u2019 welfare and agriculture products\u2019 quality simultaneously, the CS mode may be the best choice in most cases, and it leads to a \u201cwin\u2013win\u201d situation for farmers and consumers. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0217595922500154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T15:44:15Z","timestamp":1651247055000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimal Strategies for A Dual-Channel Farming Supply Chain with Horizontal Competition and Cooperation"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. 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China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-8205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"S0217595922500154BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.03.041","volume":"277","author":"Anderson E","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0217595922500154BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2005.05.003","volume":"30","author":"Berdeuge JA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"S0217595922500154BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2013.12.016","volume":"152","author":"Chen 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