{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:20:24Z","timestamp":1767676824780},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Patt. Recogn. Artif. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Although a detailed empirical analysis of the world city network is essential to attain insight in its functioning, it can be noted that previous explorations have been restricted to analyses of a limited number of thoroughly connected cities. A major reason for the neglect of less connected nodes in this global urban network is the sparse evidence on their world city formation. Drawing on earlier specifications and measurements of the world city network, the present paper shows how fuzzy set approach and pattern recognition can assess the inherent vagueness in classifications of lower ranked world cities. The resulting taxonomy asserts the intertwining relational tendencies of 234 cities in 20 clusters. Key findings include the distinctive profiles of US cities, the marginal position of (sub-Saharan) African and Central American cities, and Miami's particular role as a gateway between Anglo- and Latin America. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s021800140700551x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,22]],"date-time":"2007-06-22T02:42:56Z","timestamp":1182480176000},"page":"439-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["PATTERN RECOGNITION IN LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL DATABASES: TOWARDS A DETAILED ASSESSMENT OF THE WORLD CITY NETWORK"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"BEN","family":"DERUDDER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University (Belgium), Krijgslaan 281\/S8, B9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"FRANK","family":"WITLOX","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University (Belgium), Krijgslaan 281\/S8, B9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PETER J.","family":"TAYLOR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Loughborough University (UK), Martin Hall NN.1.08, LE11 3TU Leicestershire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GILDA","family":"CATALANO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Sociologia e Scienza Politica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"rf1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2427.1992.tb00197.x"},{"key":"rf2","volume-title":"The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times","author":"Arrighi G.","year":"1994"},{"key":"rf3","first-page":"9","author":"Arrighi G.","journal-title":"Review"},{"key":"rf4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-2751(99)00042-6"},{"key":"rf5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0450-1"},{"key":"rf6","volume-title":"Fuzzy Models for Pattern Recognition: Methods That Search for Structures in Data","author":"Bezdek J. C.","year":"1992"},{"key":"rf7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4762.00066"},{"key":"rf8","volume-title":"The City and its Sciences","author":"Camagni R.","year":"1998"},{"key":"rf9","volume-title":"The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, The Rise of the Network Society","author":"Castells M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"rf10","volume-title":"Urbanization and the World-Economy","author":"Chase-Dunn C.","year":"1985"},{"key":"rf11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812830111"},{"key":"rf12","volume-title":"Central Places in Southern Germany","author":"Christaller W.","year":"1966"},{"key":"rf13","volume-title":"New Cities of the Pacific Rim","author":"Daly M. T.","year":"1992"},{"key":"rf14","first-page":"101","volume":"69","author":"Daniels P.","journal-title":"Econ. Geograph."},{"key":"rf15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980600897842"},{"key":"rf16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0374.2005.00108.x"},{"key":"rf17","first-page":"1","author":"Derudder B.","journal-title":"Solstice: A J. Geograph. Math."},{"key":"rf18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-6989(03)00023-7"},{"key":"rf19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980500379503"},{"key":"rf20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jairtraman.2005.01.001"},{"key":"rf21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0034340032000143887"},{"key":"rf22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.2001.tb00451.x"},{"key":"rf23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3285-6_20"},{"key":"rf24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7660.1986.tb00231.x"},{"key":"rf25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511522192.003"},{"key":"rf26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2427.1982.tb00384.x"},{"key":"rf27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1972.tb00480.x"},{"key":"rf28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anti.1972.4.1.41"},{"key":"rf30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511522192.010"},{"key":"rf31","volume-title":"The World Cities","author":"Hall P.","year":"1966"},{"key":"rf32","unstructured":"P.\u00a0Hall, Stadt und Region: Dynamik von Lebenswelten, eds. A.\u00a0Mayr, M.\u00a0Meurer and J.\u00a0Vogt (Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Geographie, Leipzig, 2002)\u00a0pp. 110\u2013128."},{"key":"rf33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980020002760"},{"key":"rf34","volume-title":"Fuzzy Cluster Analysis","author":"H\u00f6ppner F.","year":"1999"},{"key":"rf35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316801"},{"key":"rf36","volume-title":"Global Cities: Post-Imperialism and the Internationalism of London","author":"King A. D.","year":"1990"},{"key":"rf37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511522192.002"},{"key":"rf38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3638.17.1.115"},{"key":"rf39","unstructured":"P. L.\u00a0Knox, Geographies of Global Change, 2nd edn., eds. R. J.\u00a0Johnston, P. J.\u00a0Taylor and M. J.\u00a0Watts (Blackwell, Oxford, 2002)\u00a0pp. 328\u2013338."},{"key":"rf40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1987.tb00120.x"},{"key":"rf41","volume-title":"Spatial Analysis and Planning under Imprecision","author":"Leung Y.","year":"1988"},{"key":"rf42","volume-title":"The Economics of Location","author":"L\u00f6sch A.","year":"1954"},{"key":"rf43","unstructured":"W.\u00a0MacMillan, Towards the Dynamic Analysis of Spatial Systems, eds. R. L.\u00a0Martin, N. J.\u00a0Thrift and R. J.\u00a0Bennett (Pion, London, 1978)\u00a0pp. 37\u201352."},{"key":"rf44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030913259501900307"},{"key":"rf45","first-page":"90","volume":"43","author":"Moulaert F.","journal-title":"Progr. Planning"},{"key":"rf46","first-page":"163","volume":"551","author":"Nijman J.","journal-title":"Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. Social Sci."},{"key":"rf47","volume-title":"The Economic Role of Cities: Economic Change and City Development, Australia 1971\u20131991","author":"O'Connor K.","year":"1995"},{"key":"rf48","volume-title":"Fuzzy Mathematical Approach to Pattern Recognition","author":"Pal S. K.","year":"1986"},{"key":"rf49","volume-title":"Neuro-Fuzzy Pattern Recognition: Methods in Soft Computing","author":"Pal S. K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"rf50","volume-title":"The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo","author":"Sassen S.","year":"1991"},{"key":"rf51","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Sassen, World Cities in a World-System, eds. P. L.\u00a0Knox and P. J.\u00a0Taylor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995)\u00a0pp. 67\u201378."},{"key":"rf52","volume-title":"Cities in a World Economy","author":"Sassen S.","year":"2000"},{"key":"rf53","volume-title":"Fuzzy Clustering Models and Applications","author":"Sato M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"rf54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b190525"},{"key":"rf55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0309132503ph411oa"},{"key":"rf56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-6298(99)00060-8"},{"key":"rf57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.2001.tb00443.x"},{"key":"rf58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203634059"},{"key":"rf59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980125400"},{"key":"rf60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980220080011"},{"key":"rf61","first-page":"2377","volume":"39","author":"Taylor P. J.","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"rf62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0040-747X.2004.00337.x"},{"key":"rf63","first-page":"35","volume":"145","author":"Taylor P. J.","journal-title":"Mitteilungen der \u00d6sterreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft"},{"key":"rf64","volume-title":"Cities in Globalization: Practices, Policies and Theories","author":"Taylor P. J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"rf65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888900006949"},{"key":"rf66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2096362"},{"key":"rf67","volume-title":"Historical Capitalism","author":"Wallerstein I.","year":"1983"},{"key":"rf68","volume-title":"Modelling Site Selection. A Relational Matching Approach Based on Fuzzy Decision Tables","author":"Witlox F.","year":"1998"},{"key":"rf69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26886-3_12"},{"key":"rf70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b190061"},{"key":"rf71","volume-title":"Multivariate Exploratory Data Analysis","author":"Yates A.","year":"1987"},{"key":"rf72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S021800140700551X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T02:19:52Z","timestamp":1565144392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S021800140700551X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S021800140700551X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s021800140700551x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0218-0014","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]}}}